BOOK
SPEC - Campbell-Walsh Urology, 11th Edition, 12-Month Access, eBook
Alan W. Partin | Alan J. Wein | Louis R. Kavoussi | Craig A. Peters
(2015)
Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
Internationally lauded as the preeminent text in the field, Campbell-Walsh Urology continues to offer the most comprehensive coverage of every aspect of urology. Perfect for urologists, residents, and practicing physicians alike, this updated text highlights all of the essential concepts necessary for every stage of your career, from anatomy and physiology through the latest diagnostic approaches and medical and surgical treatments.
- The predominant reference used by The American Board of Urology for its examination questions.
- Algorithms, photographs, radiographs, and line drawings illustrate essential concepts, nuances of clinical presentations and techniques, and decision making.
- Key Points boxes and algorithms further expedite review.
- Features hundreds of well-respected global contributors at the top of their respective fields.
- A total of 22 new chapters, including Evaluation and Management of Men with Urinary Incontinence; Minimally-Invasive Urinary Diversion; Complications Related to the Use of Mesh and Their Repair; Focal Therapy for Prostate Cancer; Adolescent and Transitional Urology; Principles of Laparoscopic and Robotic Surgery in Children; Pediatric Urogenital Imaging; and Functional Disorders of the Lower Urinary Tract in Children.
- Previous edition chapters have been substantially revised and feature such highlights as new information on prostate cancer screening, management of non–muscle invasive bladder cancer, and urinary tract infections in children.
- Includes new guidelines on interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome, uro-trauma, and medical management of kidney stone disease.
- Anatomy chapters have been expanded and reorganized for ease of access.
- Boasts an increased focus on robotic surgery, image-guided diagnostics and treatment, and guidelines-based medicine.
- Medicine eBook is accessible on a variety of devices.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| 9780323263740v1_WEB.pdf | 1 | ||
| Front Cover | 1 | ||
| endsheet 2 | 2 | ||
| Campbell-Walsh Urology | 3 | ||
| Copyright Page | 6 | ||
| Dedication | 7 | ||
| Contributors | 9 | ||
| Preface | 21 | ||
| Table Of Contents | 23 | ||
| Videos | 29 | ||
| I Clinical Decision Making | 35 | ||
| 1 Evaluation of the Urologic Patient: | 35 | ||
| History | 35 | ||
| Overview | 35 | ||
| Chief Complaint and Present Illness | 35 | ||
| Pain | 35 | ||
| Renal Pain. | 36 | ||
| Ureteral Pain. | 36 | ||
| Vesical Pain. | 36 | ||
| Prostatic Pain. | 36 | ||
| Penile Pain. | 36 | ||
| Testicular Pain. | 36 | ||
| Hematuria | 36 | ||
| Gross versus Microscopic Hematuria. | 36 | ||
| Timing of Hematuria. | 37 | ||
| Association with Pain. | 37 | ||
| Presence of Clots. | 37 | ||
| Shape of Clots. | 37 | ||
| Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms | 37 | ||
| Irritative Symptoms. | 37 | ||
| Obstructive Symptoms. | 37 | ||
| Incontinence. | 39 | ||
| Continuous Incontinence. | 39 | ||
| Stress Incontinence. | 39 | ||
| Urgency Incontinence. | 40 | ||
| Overflow Urinary Incontinence. | 40 | ||
| Enuresis. | 40 | ||
| Sexual Dysfunction | 40 | ||
| Loss of Libido. | 40 | ||
| Impotence. | 40 | ||
| Failure to Ejaculate. | 40 | ||
| Absence of Orgasm. | 40 | ||
| Premature Ejaculation. | 40 | ||
| Hematospermia | 41 | ||
| Pneumaturia | 41 | ||
| Urethral Discharge | 41 | ||
| Fever and Chills | 41 | ||
| Medical History | 41 | ||
| Previous Medical Illnesses with Urologic Sequelae | 41 | ||
| Family History | 41 | ||
| Medications | 41 | ||
| Previous Surgical Procedures | 41 | ||
| Smoking and Alcohol Use | 41 | ||
| Allergies | 43 | ||
| Physical Examination | 43 | ||
| General Observations | 43 | ||
| Kidneys | 43 | ||
| Bladder | 44 | ||
| Penis | 44 | ||
| Scrotum and Contents | 44 | ||
| Rectal and Prostate Examination in the Male | 45 | ||
| Pelvic Examination in the Female | 45 | ||
| Neurologic Examination | 46 | ||
| Urinalysis | 46 | ||
| Collection of Urinary Specimens | 46 | ||
| Males | 46 | ||
| Females | 46 | ||
| Neonates and Infants | 47 | ||
| Physical Examination of Urine | 47 | ||
| Color | 47 | ||
| Turbidity | 47 | ||
| Specific Gravity and Osmolality | 47 | ||
| pH | 48 | ||
| Chemical Examination of Urine | 48 | ||
| Urine Dipsticks | 48 | ||
| Hematuria | 48 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis and Evaluation of Hematuria. | 49 | ||
| Glomerular Hematuria. | 49 | ||
| IgA Nephropathy (Berger Disease). | 49 | ||
| Nonglomerular Hematuria | 49 | ||
| Medical. | 49 | ||
| Surgical. | 50 | ||
| Proteinuria | 51 | ||
| Pathophysiology. | 51 | ||
| Detection. | 51 | ||
| Evaluation. | 52 | ||
| Glucose and Ketones | 53 | ||
| Bilirubin and Urobilinogen | 53 | ||
| Leukocyte Esterase and Nitrite Tests | 54 | ||
| Urinary Sediment | 54 | ||
| Obtaining and Preparing the Specimen | 54 | ||
| Microscopy Technique | 55 | ||
| Cells | 55 | ||
| Casts | 57 | ||
| Crystals | 57 | ||
| Bacteria | 57 | ||
| Yeast | 57 | ||
| Parasites | 58 | ||
| Expressed Prostatic Secretions | 59 | ||
| Summary | 59 | ||
| References | 59 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 59 | ||
| References | 60 | ||
| 2 Urinary Tract Imaging: | 61 | ||
| Conventional Radiography | 61 | ||
| Physics | 61 | ||
| Radiation Management in Uroradiology | 61 | ||
| Relative Radiation Levels | 62 | ||
| Radiation Protection | 62 | ||
| Contrast Media | 62 | ||
| Intravascular Iodinated Contrast Media | 63 | ||
| Adverse Reactions to Intravascular Iodinated Contrast Media | 63 | ||
| Contrast Complications | 63 | ||
| Mild Nonidiosyncratic Reactions | 63 | ||
| Treatment. | 63 | ||
| Moderate Nonidiosyncratic Reactions | 64 | ||
| 9780323263740v2_WEB | 1510 | ||
| Front Cover | 1510 | ||
| endsheet 2 | 1511 | ||
| Campbell-Walsh Urology | 1512 | ||
| Copyright Page | 1515 | ||
| Dedication | 1516 | ||
| Contributors | 1518 | ||
| Preface | 1530 | ||
| Table Of Contents | 1532 | ||
| Videos | 1538 | ||
| VII Renal Physiology and Pathophysiology | 1544 | ||
| 42 Surgical, Radiologic, and Endoscopic Anatomy of the Kidney and Ureter | 1544 | ||
| Kidneys | 1544 | ||
| Surface Anatomy and Relationships | 1544 | ||
| Gross and Microscopic Anatomy | 1548 | ||
| Radiologic Anatomy of the Renal Parenchyma | 1551 | ||
| Renal Vasculature | 1555 | ||
| Lymphatic Drainage of the Kidney | 1559 | ||
| Innervation of the Kidney | 1559 | ||
| Pelvicalyceal System | 1559 | ||
| Radiologic Anatomy of the Collecting System | 1559 | ||
| Ureters | 1562 | ||
| Radiologic Anatomy of the Ureter | 1563 | ||
| Arteries, Veins, and Lymphatic Drainage of the Ureters | 1565 | ||
| Nerve Supply of the Ureter | 1565 | ||
| Microscopic Anatomy of the Ureter | 1565 | ||
| Endoscopic Anatomy of the Ureter and Pelvicalyceal System | 1565 | ||
| References | 1567 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 1567 | ||
| References | 1569 | ||
| 43 Physiology and Pharmacology of the Renal Pelvis and Ureter | 1570 | ||
| Cellular Anatomy | 1570 | ||
| Development of the Ureter | 1570 | ||
| Electrical Activity | 1571 | ||
| Resting Potential | 1571 | ||
| Action Potential | 1572 | ||
| Pacemaker Potentials and Pacemaker Activity | 1574 | ||
| Propagation of Electrical Activity | 1576 | ||
| Contractile Activity | 1576 | ||
| Contractile Proteins | 1576 | ||
| Calcium and Excitation-Contraction Coupling | 1577 | ||
| Urothelial Effects on Contractile Activity | 1578 | ||
| Second Messengers | 1578 | ||
| Mechanical Properties | 1580 | ||
| Force-Length Relations | 1580 | ||
| Force-Velocity Relations | 1581 | ||
| Pressure-Length-Diameter Relations | 1581 | ||
| Role of the Nervous System in Ureteral Function | 1581 | ||
| Parasympathetic Nervous System | 1582 | ||
| Cholinergic Agonists | 1582 | ||
| Anticholinesterases | 1583 | ||
| Parasympathetic Blocking Agents | 1583 | ||
| Sympathetic Nervous System | 1583 | ||
| Adrenergic Agonists | 1583 | ||
| Adrenergic Antagonists | 1584 | ||
| Sensory Innervation and Peptidergic Agents in the Control of Ureteral Function | 1584 | ||
| Purinergic Nervous System | 1584 | ||
| Urine Transport | 1585 | ||
| Physiology of the Ureteropelvic Junction | 1585 | ||
| Propulsion of Urinary Bolus | 1585 | ||
| Effect of Diuresis on Ureteral Function | 1586 | ||
| Effects of Bladder Filling and Neurogenic Vesical Dysfunction on Ureteral Function | 1586 | ||
| Physiology of the Ureterovesical Junction | 1587 | ||
| Pathologic Processes Affecting Ureteral Function | 1587 | ||
| Effect of Obstruction on Ureteral Function | 1587 | ||
| General | 1587 | ||
| Physiologic Methodologies for Assessing Clinical Obstruction | 1590 | ||
| Relation between Vesicoureteral Reflux and Ureteral Function | 1591 | ||
| Effect of Infection on Ureteral Function | 1592 | ||
| Effect of Calculi on Ureteral Function | 1593 | ||
| Effect of Diabetes on Ureteral Function | 1594 | ||
| Effect of Age on Ureteral Function | 1594 | ||
| Effect of Pregnancy on Ureteral Function | 1594 | ||
| Effect of Drugs on the Ureter | 1595 | ||
| Histamine and Its Antagonists | 1595 | ||
| Serotonin | 1596 | ||
| Kinins | 1596 | ||
| Angiotensin | 1596 | ||
| Narcotic Analgesics | 1596 | ||
| Prostaglandins | 1596 | ||
| Cardiac Glycosides | 1597 | ||
| Calcium Antagonists | 1597 | ||
| Potassium Channel Openers | 1597 | ||
| Endothelins | 1597 | ||
| Antibiotics | 1598 | ||
| References | 1598 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 1598 | ||
| References | 1599 | ||
| 44 Renal Physiology and Pathophysiology | 1608 | ||
| Renal Physiology | 1608 | ||
| Vascular (Renal Blood Flow and Glomerular Flow Rate) | 1608 | ||
| Renal Blood Flow | 1608 | ||
| Determinants of Glomerular Filtration | 1608 | ||
| Regulation of Glomerular Filtration Rate | 1608 | ||
| Clinical Assessment of Glomerular Filtration Rate | 1609 | ||
| Renal Clearance. | 1609 | ||
| Plasma Markers. | 1609 | ||
| Mathematical Correction. | 1610 | ||
| Hormonal | 1610 | ||
| Control of Renal Vascular Tone | 1610 | ||
| Vasoconstrictors | 1610 | ||
| Angiotensin II. | 1610 | ||
| Norepinephrine. | 1610 | ||
| Endothelin. | 1610 | ||
| Vasopressin. | 1611 | ||
| Atrial Natriuretic Peptide. | 1611 | ||
| Vasodilators | 1611 | ||
| Nitric Oxide. | 1611 | ||
| Carbon Monoxide. | 1611 | ||
| Erythropoiesis | 1612 | ||
| Erythroid Progenitor Cells. | 1612 | ||
| Erythropoietin. | 1612 | ||
| Regulation of Erythropoietin Production and Erythropoiesis. | 1612 | ||
| Bone Mineral Regulation | 1612 | ||
| Vitamin D Regulation. | 1612 | ||
| Vitamin D Activity. | 1613 | ||
| Parathyroid Hormone Regulation. | 1613 | ||
| Parathyroid Hormone Activity. | 1613 | ||
| Bone. | 1613 | ||
| Kidney. | 1613 | ||
| Fibroblast Growth Factor-23 Regulation. | 1613 | ||
| Fibroblast Growth Factor-23 Activity. | 1613 | ||
| Antidiuretic Hormone | 1613 | ||
| Antidiuretic Hormone Actions | 1613 | ||
| Control of Antidiuretic Hormone Secretion. | 1613 | ||
| Hyperosmolality. | 1613 | ||
| Decreased Effective Circulating Volume. | 1613 | ||
| Other Stimuli. | 1613 | ||
| Renal Tubular Function | 1613 | ||
| Basic Functions | 1613 | ||
| Proximal Convoluted Tubule | 1614 | ||
| Sodium. | 1615 | ||
| Potassium. | 1615 | ||
| Bicarbonate. | 1615 | ||
| Water. | 1616 | ||
| Glucose. | 1616 | ||
| Proteins and Amino Acids. | 1616 | ||
| Phosphate. | 1616 | ||
| Calcium. | 1616 | ||
| Magnesium. | 1616 | ||
| Loop of Henle | 1616 | ||
| Thin Descending Limb. | 1617 | ||
| Thin Ascending Limb. | 1617 | ||
| Thick Ascending Limb. | 1617 | ||
| Sodium, Potassium, and Chloride. | 1617 | ||
| Calcium and Magnesium. | 1617 | ||
| Bicarbonate. | 1618 | ||
| Countercurrent Mechanism. | 1618 | ||
| Tamm-Horsfall Mucoprotein. | 1619 | ||
| Distal Tubule | 1619 | ||
| Sodium and Chloride. | 1619 | ||
| Calcium. | 1619 | ||
| Magnesium. | 1619 | ||
| Collecting Tubule | 1619 | ||
| Cortical Collecting Tubule | 1619 | ||
| Principal Cells | 1619 | ||
| Sodium, Potassium, and Chloride. | 1619 | ||
| Water. | 1620 | ||
| Intercalated Cells. | 1620 | ||
| Hydrogen and Bicarbonate. | 1620 | ||
| Potassium. | 1620 | ||
| Medullary Collecting Tubule | 1620 | ||
| Water and Urea. | 1620 | ||
| Sodium. | 1620 | ||
| Renal Pathophysiology | 1620 | ||
| Sodium and Water Imbalances | 1620 | ||
| Hyponatremia | 1621 | ||
| Hypernatremia | 1622 | ||
| Potassium Imbalances | 1624 | ||
| Hypokalemia | 1624 | ||
| Hyperkalemia | 1624 | ||
| Acid-Base Metabolism | 1624 | ||
| Acid-Base Disorders | 1626 | ||
| Metabolic Acidosis | 1626 | ||
| Renal Tubular Acidosis | 1627 | ||
| Metabolic Alkalosis | 1627 | ||
| Respiratory Acidosis | 1627 | ||
| Respiratory Alkalosis | 1628 | ||
| References | 1628 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 1628 | ||
| Vascular | 1628 | ||
| Hormonal | 1628 | ||
| Renal Tubular Function | 1628 | ||
| Sodium, Water, and Potassium Imbalances | 1628 | ||
| Acid-Base Metabolism/Disorders | 1628 | ||
| References | 1629 | ||
| 45 Renovascular Hypertension and Ischemic Nephropathy | 1631 | ||
| Incidence and Etiology | 1631 | ||
| Pathophysiology of Renovascular Hypertension | 1631 | ||
| Two-Kidney, One-Clip Model | 1632 | ||
| One-Kidney, One-Clip Model | 1632 | ||
| Pathophysiology of Ischemic Nephropathy | 1632 | ||
| Screening Tests | 1634 | ||
| Magnetic Resonance Angiography | 1634 | ||
| Computed Tomography | 1635 | ||
| Duplex Doppler Ultrasonography | 1635 | ||
| Angiography | 1635 | ||
| Pathology of Renovascular Hypertension | 1635 | ||
| Physiologic Significance | 1636 | ||
| Management of Renovascular Hypertension | 1638 | ||
| Medical Therapy | 1638 | ||
| Angioplasty and Stenting for Hypertension | 1639 | ||
| Angioplasty and Stenting for Preservation of Renal Function | 1641 | ||
| Surgical Treatment of Renal Artery Stenosis | 1642 | ||
| References | 1643 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 1643 | ||
| References | 1644 | ||
| 46 Etiology, Pathogenesis, and Management of Renal Failure | 1647 | ||
| Acute Kidney Injury | 1647 | ||
| Definition | 1647 | ||
| Epidemiology and Classification of Acute Kidney Injury | 1647 | ||
| Prerenal Azotemia | 1648 | ||
| Postrenal Azotemia | 1649 | ||
| Intrinsic Renal Disease | 1649 | ||
| Acute Glomerulonephritis | 1649 | ||
| Acute Interstitial Nephritis | 1649 | ||
| Acute Tubular Necrosis | 1650 | ||
| Incidence and Etiology | 1650 | ||
| Pigment Nephropathy/Rhabdomyolysis | 1650 | ||
| Intrinsic/Extrinsic Toxic-Related Acute Tubular Necrosis | 1651 | ||
| Natural History | 1652 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 1652 | ||
| Clinical Approach to the Differential Diagnosis of Acute Kidney Injury | 1654 | ||
| General | 1654 | ||
| Renal Vein Thrombosis | 1655 | ||
| Imaging | 1655 | ||
| Management of Acute Kidney Injury | 1655 | ||
| Pharmacologic Intervention | 1656 | ||
| Conservative Management | 1657 | ||
| Dialytic Interventions | 1658 | ||
| General | 1658 | ||
| Dialysis Prescription and Modality | 1658 | ||
| Prognosis of Acute Tubular Necrosis | 1659 | ||
| Prevention of Acute Tubular Necrosis | 1659 | ||
| Chronic Kidney Disease | 1659 | ||
| Renal Mass Reduction and Chronic Kidney Disease | 1661 | ||
| Mechanisms of Progression | 1662 | ||
| Genetic Factors | 1663 | ||
| Etiologies for Chronic Kidney Disease | 1664 | ||
| Clinical Assessment of Chronic Kidney Disease (Function, Proteinuria, Radiology, and Biopsy) | 1666 | ||
| Renal Function Assessment | 1666 | ||
| Proteinuria | 1667 | ||
| Radiographic Assessment | 1667 | ||
| Urinalysis and Kidney Biopsy | 1668 | ||
| Renal Protective Strategies | 1668 | ||
| Preoperative Evaluation of Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease and End-Stage Renal Disease | 1669 | ||
| Conservative Management: Prevention of Uremic Complications | 1670 | ||
| Initiation of Renal Replacement Therapy | 1670 | ||
| End-Stage Renal Disease Demographics and Treatment Options | 1671 | ||
| Hospitalization Risk in Chronic Kidney Disease/End-Stage Renal Disease | 1671 | ||
| References | 1673 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 1674 | ||
| References | 1675 | ||
| 47 Renal Transplantation | 1680 | ||
| Role of the Urologist in Renal Transplantation | 1680 | ||
| End-Stage Renal Disease | 1680 | ||
| Incidence and Prevalence | 1680 | ||
| Treatment Options | 1680 | ||
| Long-Term Complications of Dialysis | 1681 | ||
| Results of Treatment | 1681 | ||
| Selection of Kidney Transplant Recipients | 1681 | ||
| Preliminary Screening | 1681 | ||
| Cause of Kidney Disease | 1681 | ||
| High Probability of Perioperative Morbidity or Mortality | 1682 | ||
| Nonadherence | 1683 | ||
| Malignancy in Transplant Candidates | 1683 | ||
| Urologic Malignancy in Transplant Candidates | 1683 | ||
| Surgical Evaluation | 1683 | ||
| Urologic Procedures in Renal Transplant Candidates | 1684 | ||
| Indications and Timing of Native Nephrectomy | 1684 | ||
| Treatment of Bladder Outlet Obstruction | 1684 | ||
| Urinary Diversion and Bladder Augmentation | 1684 | ||
| Selection of Kidney Transplant Donors | 1685 | ||
| Deceased Donor Allocation and Selection | 1685 | ||
| Declaration of Donor Death | 1685 | ||
| Kidney Preservation | 1686 | ||
| Allocation | 1686 | ||
| ABO Blood Groups | 1687 | ||
| Histocompatibility | 1687 | ||
| Crossmatch Techniques | 1687 | ||
| Living Donor Evaluation | 1687 | ||
| Managing Incompatible Living Donor and Recipient Pairs | 1689 | ||
| Living Kidney Donor Operation | 1690 | ||
| Kidney Transplant Operation | 1691 | ||
| Allograft Preparation | 1691 | ||
| Recipient Operation | 1691 | ||
| Post-Transplant Care | 1694 | ||
| Anticoagulation | 1694 | ||
| Surgical Complications | 1694 | ||
| Rejection | 1694 | ||
| Immunosuppression Protocols for Kidney Transplantation | 1695 | ||
| Immunosuppression Protocols | 1695 | ||
| Infection | 1697 | ||
| Allograft Nephrectomy | 1697 | ||
| Post-transplant Malignancy | 1698 | ||
| Pregnancy and Childbearing | 1698 | ||
| Autotransplantation | 1698 | ||
| References | 1699 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 1699 | ||
| References | 1700 | ||
| Role of the Urologist in Renal Transplantation | 1700 | ||
| End-Stage Renal Disease | 1700 | ||
| Selection of Kidney Transplant Recipients | 1700 | ||
| Selection of Kidney Transplant Donors | 1700 | ||
| Kidney Transplant Operation | 1701 | ||
| Post-Transplant Care | 1701 | ||
| Autotransplantation | 1701 | ||
| VIII Upper Urinary Tract Obstruction and Trauma | 1702 | ||
| 48 Pathophysiology of Urinary Tract Obstruction | 1702 | ||
| Prevalence | 1702 | ||
| Diagnosis and Imaging | 1702 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 1702 | ||
| Laboratory Studies | 1702 | ||
| Urinalysis | 1702 | ||
| Fractional Excretion of Sodium | 1703 | ||
| Assessment of Renal Function | 1703 | ||
| Diagnostic Imaging | 1704 | ||
| Ultrasonography | 1704 | ||
| Nuclear Renography | 1704 | ||
| Computed Tomography | 1705 | ||
| Magnetic Resonance Urography | 1706 | ||
| Excretory Urography | 1706 | ||
| Whitaker Test | 1706 | ||
| Retrograde Pyelography | 1706 | ||
| Antegrade Pyelography | 1706 | ||
| HemodyNAMic Changes with Obstruction | 1706 | ||
| Glomerular Filtration and Renal Blood Flow | 1706 | ||
| Renal Vascular Resistance | 1707 | ||
| Unilateral Ureteral Obstruction | 1707 | ||
| Bilateral Ureteral Obstruction or Obstruction of a Solitary Kidney | 1707 | ||
| Partial Ureteral Obstruction | 1708 | ||
| Egress of Urine From the Kidney | 1708 | ||
| Effects of Obstruction on Tubular Function | 1708 | ||
| Urinary Concentrating Ability | 1709 | ||
| Sodium Transport | 1709 | ||
| Hydrogen Ion Transport and Urinary Acidification | 1709 | ||
| Other Cation Transport | 1709 | ||
| Pathologic Changes of Obstruction | 1710 | ||
| Gross Pathologic Findings | 1710 | ||
| Microscopic Pathologic Findings | 1710 | ||
| Molecular Mechanisms of Tubulointerstitial Fibrosis | 1711 | ||
| Inflammatory Cell Infiltration | 1711 | ||
| Fibroblasts and Extracellular Matrix Production | 1711 | ||
| Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition | 1711 | ||
| Cytokines and Vasoactive Mediators of Fibrosis | 1711 | ||
| Transforming Growth Factor-β | 1711 | ||
| Tumor Necrosis Factor-α | 1712 | ||
| Interleukin-18 | 1712 | ||
| Angiotensin II | 1713 | ||
| Apoptosis | 1713 | ||
| Clinical Impact of Renal Obstruction | 1713 | ||
| Hypertension | 1713 | ||
| Compensatory Renal Growth | 1713 | ||
| Treatment of Renal Obstruction | 1714 | ||
| Pain Management | 1714 | ||
| Renal Drainage | 1714 | ||
| Renal Recovery after Obstruction | 1714 | ||
| Choice of Surgical Intervention | 1715 | ||
| Postobstructive Diuresis | 1715 | ||
| Mechanism of Postobstructive Diuresis | 1715 | ||
| Clinical Management of Postobstructive Diuresis | 1715 | ||
| Experimental Modulation of Postobstructive Diuresis | 1715 | ||
| References | 1715 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 1716 | ||
| References | 1717 | ||
| 49 Management of Upper Urinary Tract Obstruction | 1721 | ||
| Evaluation of Upper Tract Obstruction | 1721 | ||
| Ureteropelvic Junction Obstruction | 1721 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 1721 | ||
| Patient Presentation and Diagnostic Studies | 1722 | ||
| Indications and Options for Intervention | 1724 | ||
| Options for Intervention | 1726 | ||
| Endourologic Management. | 1726 | ||
| Percutaneous Antegrade Endopyelotomy | 1726 | ||
| Indications and Contraindications. | 1726 | ||
| Patient Preparation. | 1727 | ||
| Technique. | 1727 | ||
| Postoperative Care. | 1727 | ||
| Results. | 1728 | ||
| Complications. | 1728 | ||
| Percutaneous Endopyeloplasty. | 1728 | ||
| Simultaneous Percutaneous Endopyelotomy and Nephrolithotomy. | 1728 | ||
| Retrograde Ureteroscopic Endopyelotomy. | 1728 | ||
| Indications and Contraindications. | 1729 | ||
| Technique. | 1729 | ||
| Results. | 1729 | ||
| Complications. | 1730 | ||
| Retrograde Cautery Wire Balloon Endopyelotomy. | 1730 | ||
| Operative Interventions | 1731 | ||
| Historical Notes. | 1731 | ||
| Dismembered Pyeloplasty | 1732 | ||
| Indications. | 1732 | ||
| Technique. | 1732 | ||
| Surgical Approaches for Pyeloplasty | 1732 | ||
| Open Surgery. | 1732 | ||
| Laparoscopic and Robotic Intervention. | 1732 | ||
| Indications and Contraindications. | 1734 | ||
| Techniques. | 1734 | ||
| Transperitoneal Laparoscopic Approach. | 1734 | ||
| Transmesenteric Modification of the Transperitoneal Approach. | 1735 | ||
| Vascular Transposition. | 1735 | ||
| Retroperitoneal Laparoscopic Approach. | 1735 | ||
| Anterior Extraperitoneal Laparoscopic Approach. | 1736 | ||
| Robotic-Assisted Laparoscopic Approach. | 1736 | ||
| Laparoendoscopic Single-Site Surgery Approach. | 1736 | ||
| Postoperative Care and Complications. | 1737 | ||
| Results | 1737 | ||
| Open Approach. | 1737 | ||
| Minimally Invasive Approaches. | 1737 | ||
| Special Situations of Laparoscopic and Robotic-Assisted Laparoscopic Management of Ureteropelvic Junction Obstruction | 1739 | ||
| Laparoscopic and Robotic-Assisted Laparoscopic Ureterocalicostomy. | 1739 | ||
| Laparoscopic and Robotic-Assisted Pyeloplasty with Concomitant Pyelolithotomy. | 1739 | ||
| Laparoscopic Dismembered Tubularized Flap Pyeloplasty. | 1739 | ||
| Laparoscopic Calicovesicostomy. | 1739 | ||
| Other Reconstructive Procedures Involving the Ureteropelvic Junction (Non–Anderson-Hynes) | 1739 | ||
| Flap Procedures | 1739 | ||
| Foley Y-V Plasty | 1739 | ||
| Indications. | 1739 | ||
| Technique. | 1739 | ||
| Culp-DeWeerd Spiral Flap | 1740 | ||
| 9780323263740v3_WEB | 2456 | ||
| Front Cover | 2456 | ||
| Campbell-Walsh Urology | 2457 | ||
| Copyright Page | 2460 | ||
| Dedication | 2461 | ||
| Contributors | 2463 | ||
| Preface | 2475 | ||
| Table Of Contents | 2477 | ||
| Videos | 2483 | ||
| XII Urine Transport, Storage, and Emptying | 2489 | ||
| 67 Surgical, Radiographic, and Endoscopic Anatomy of the Female Pelvis | 2489 | ||
| Bony Pelvis | 2489 | ||
| Fascia and Peritoneum | 2489 | ||
| Ligaments | 2492 | ||
| Muscles of the Pelvic Floor | 2493 | ||
| Pelvic Sidewalls | 2493 | ||
| Pelvic Floor | 2493 | ||
| Vasculature of the Pelvis | 2493 | ||
| Lymphatic Drainage | 2493 | ||
| Innervation | 2493 | ||
| Perineum | 2495 | ||
| Anal Perineum | 2496 | ||
| External Genitalia | 2496 | ||
| Female Pelvic Organs | 2497 | ||
| Pelvic Organ Support | 2499 | ||
| Urethra | 2499 | ||
| Radiographic Anatomy | 2500 | ||
| Fluoroscopy | 2500 | ||
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging | 2501 | ||
| Ultrasonography | 2501 | ||
| Endoscopic Anatomy | 2502 | ||
| References | 2502 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 2502 | ||
| References | 2503 | ||
| 68 Surgical, Radiographic, and Endoscopic Anatomy of the Male Pelvis | 2504 | ||
| Bony Pelvis | 2504 | ||
| Anterior Abdominal Wall | 2504 | ||
| Skin and Subcutaneous Fasciae | 2504 | ||
| Abdominal Musculature | 2504 | ||
| Inguinal Canal | 2506 | ||
| Internal Surface of the Anterior Abdominal Wall | 2507 | ||
| Soft Tissues of the Pelvis | 2507 | ||
| Pelvic Musculature | 2507 | ||
| Pelvic Fasciae | 2507 | ||
| Fasciae of the Perineum and the Perineal Body | 2508 | ||
| Pelvic Circulation | 2508 | ||
| Arterial Supply | 2508 | ||
| Venous Supply | 2510 | ||
| Pelvic Lymphatics | 2511 | ||
| Pelvic Innervation | 2511 | ||
| Lumbosacral Plexus | 2511 | ||
| Pelvic Autonomic Plexus | 2512 | ||
| Pelvic Viscera | 2515 | ||
| Rectum | 2515 | ||
| Pelvic Ureter | 2516 | ||
| Bladder | 2517 | ||
| Relationships | 2517 | ||
| Structure | 2519 | ||
| Ureterovesical Junction and the Trigone | 2519 | ||
| Bladder Circulation | 2520 | ||
| Bladder Innervation | 2521 | ||
| Perineum | 2521 | ||
| Anal Triangle | 2521 | ||
| Male Urogenital Triangle | 2522 | ||
| Perineal Lymphatics | 2523 | ||
| References | 2523 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 2523 | ||
| References | 2524 | ||
| 69 Physiology and Pharmacology of the Bladder and Urethra | 2525 | ||
| Lower Urinary Tract Anatomy | 2525 | ||
| Bladder Compartments | 2526 | ||
| Urothelium | 2526 | ||
| Lamina Propria and Vasculature | 2527 | ||
| Stroma | 2528 | ||
| Bladder Wall Collagen | 2528 | ||
| Bladder Wall Elastin and Matrix | 2529 | ||
| Smooth Muscle | 2529 | ||
| Overview Of Urethra | 2529 | ||
| Male Urethra | 2529 | ||
| Female Urethra | 2530 | ||
| Anatomy Common to Both Genders | 2531 | ||
| Urethral Tone | 2531 | ||
| Fiber Types of Urethral Striated Muscle | 2531 | ||
| Urothelial Physiology | 2531 | ||
| Barrier Function | 2532 | ||
| Ionic Transport | 2533 | ||
| Sensor-Transducer Function of the Urothelium | 2533 | ||
| Suburothelial Interstitial Cells | 2534 | ||
| Smooth Muscle Physiology | 2534 | ||
| Contractile Proteins | 2535 | ||
| Actinomyosin Cross-Bridge Cycling | 2536 | ||
| Membrane Electrical Properties and Action Potentials | 2538 | ||
| Excitation-Contraction Coupling | 2539 | ||
| Calcium Signaling in Detrusor Myocyte | 2540 | ||
| Propagation of Electrical Responses | 2540 | ||
| Detrusor Interstitial Cells | 2542 | ||
| Bladder Mechanics | 2542 | ||
| Urinary Storage (Filling) | 2542 | ||
| Voiding Mechanics | 2543 | ||
| Motor Sensory Network in Detrusor Muscle | 2543 | ||
| Neural Control of the Lower Urinary Tract | 2543 | ||
| Peripheral Nervous System | 2543 | ||
| Parasympathetic Pathways | 2543 | ||
| Sympathetic Pathways | 2544 | ||
| Somatic Pathways | 2544 | ||
| Afferent Pathways | 2544 | ||
| Overview: Properties of Afferent Neurons. | 2544 | ||
| Pathways to the Spinal Cord. | 2544 | ||
| Functional Properties of Bladder Afferents. | 2545 | ||
| Modulators of Afferent Sensitivity. | 2548 | ||
| Nitric Oxide. | 2548 | ||
| Purinergic Signaling. | 2548 | ||
| Transient Receptor Potential Cation Channels. | 2548 | ||
| Cannabinoids. | 2550 | ||
| Pelvic Organ Interactions: Crosstalk between Bladder and Bowel. | 2550 | ||
| Efferent Pathways to the Bladder | 2551 | ||
| Terminal Nerve Fibers. | 2551 | ||
| Spinal Ascending and Descending Influences: Transmitters | 2551 | ||
| Glutamate. | 2551 | ||
| Glycine and γ-Aminobutyric Acid. | 2552 | ||
| Serotonin. | 2552 | ||
| Adrenergic Transmitters. | 2553 | ||
| Purinergic Transmitters. | 2553 | ||
| Reflex Circuitry Controlling Continence and Micturition. | 2554 | ||
| Storage Phase of the Bladder. | 2554 | ||
| Sphincter to Bladder Reflexes. | 2555 | ||
| Somatic to Visceral Reflexes. | 2555 | ||
| Emptying Phase of the Bladder. | 2555 | ||
| Urethra to Bladder Reflexes. | 2555 | ||
| Supraspinal Pathways | 2556 | ||
| Pontine Micturition Center and Brainstem Modulatory Mechanisms. | 2556 | ||
| Central Circuitry Regulating Bladder Function by Transneuronal Tracing. | 2557 | ||
| Neurotransmitters and Modulators within Brainstem Networks. | 2558 | ||
| Human Brain Imaging Studies. | 2559 | ||
| Cerebral Control of Voiding. | 2559 | ||
| Additional Regions. | 2560 | ||
| Model of Brain-Bladder Control and Normal Continence Mechanism. | 2561 | ||
| Pharmacology | 2561 | ||
| Muscarinic Mechanisms | 2561 | ||
| Muscarinic Selectivity | 2564 | ||
| Adrenergic Mechanisms | 2564 | ||
| β-Adrenergic Receptors | 2564 | ||
| α-Adrenergic Receptors | 2564 | ||
| Urethral Tone in Women | 2565 | ||
| Afferent Neuropeptides | 2565 | ||
| Tachykinins | 2566 | ||
| Prostanoids | 2566 | ||
| Endothelins | 2566 | ||
| Sex Steroids | 2567 | ||
| Clinical Relevance | 2567 | ||
| Mechanisms of Idiopathic Detrusor Overactivity and Overactive Bladder | 2567 | ||
| Stress Urinary Incontinence | 2569 | ||
| Spinal Cord Injury and Neurogenic Detrusor Overactivity | 2569 | ||
| Nocturia | 2570 | ||
| Bladder Outlet Obstruction | 2570 | ||
| Bladder Pain Syndrome and Interstitial Cystitis | 2571 | ||
| Aging | 2573 | ||
| Neuromodulation | 2574 | ||
| Hypothesis of Mechanism of Action of Sacral Neuromodulation | 2574 | ||
| Rationale for Neuromodulation to Facilitate Voiding | 2574 | ||
| Rationale for Neuromodulation to Inhibit the Overactive Bladder | 2575 | ||
| Pudendal Nerve Stimulation | 2575 | ||
| Inhibitory and Excitatory Stimulation Frequencies of the Pudendal-Bladder Reflexes | 2575 | ||
| OnabotulinumtoxinA Neuromodulation | 2576 | ||
| Future Research | 2577 | ||
| References | 2578 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 2578 | ||
| References | 2579 | ||
| 70 Pathophysiology and Classification of Lower Urinary Tract Dysfunction: Overview | 2593 | ||
| Normal Lower Urinary Tract Function: Overview | 2593 | ||
| Two-Phase Concept of Function: Filling/Storage and Emptying/Voiding | 2593 | ||
| Mechanisms Underlying the Two Phases of Function: Overview | 2593 | ||
| Bladder Response during Filling | 2594 | ||
| Outlet Response during Filling | 2594 | ||
| Voiding with a Normal Bladder Contraction | 2594 | ||
| Urinary Continence during Abdominal Pressure Increases | 2595 | ||
| Sensory Aspects | 2595 | ||
| Micturition Cycle: Simplification and Overview | 2595 | ||
| Filling/Storage | 2595 | ||
| Emptying/Voiding | 2595 | ||
| Abnormalities of Filling/Storage and Emptying/Voiding: Overview of Pathophysiology | 2596 | ||
| Filling/Storage Failure | 2596 | ||
| Bladder Overactivity | 2596 | ||
| Filling/Storage Failure due to Altered Sensation | 2596 | ||
| Outlet Underactivity | 2597 | ||
| Emptying/Voiding Failure | 2598 | ||
| Bladder Underactivity | 2598 | ||
| Outlet Overactivity or Obstruction | 2599 | ||
| Classification Systems | 2599 | ||
| Functional System | 2599 | ||
| Urodynamic Classification | 2601 | ||
| Lapides’s Classification | 2601 | ||
| Hald-Bradley Classification | 2603 | ||
| Bradley Classification | 2603 | ||
| References | 2604 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 2604 | ||
| References | 2605 | ||
| 71 Evaluation and Management of Women with Urinary Incontinence and Pelvic Prolapse | 2606 | ||
| Definition and Impact of Pelvic Floor Disorders | 2606 | ||
| Diagnostic Evaluation | 2606 | ||
| General Considerations | 2606 | ||
| History | 2607 | ||
| History of Present Illness | 2608 | ||
| Past Medical and Surgical History | 2608 | ||
| Medications | 2608 | ||
| Other | 2609 | ||
| Physical Examination | 2609 | ||
| Supplemental Evaluation | 2611 | ||
| Symptom Quantification Instruments | 2611 | ||
| Voiding Diaries. | 2611 | ||
| Questionnaires and Quality of Life Instruments | 2611 | ||
| Pad Tests | 2613 | ||
| Dye Testing | 2614 | ||
| Urinalysis | 2614 | ||
| Postvoid Residual | 2614 | ||
| Cystoscopy | 2614 | ||
| Urodynamics | 2615 | ||
| Radiographic Imaging | 2616 | ||
| Voiding Cystourethrogram. | 2616 | ||
| Ultrasonography. | 2617 | ||
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging. | 2617 | ||
| Management | 2617 | ||
| Incontinence Treatment Overview | 2617 | ||
| Pelvic Prolapse Treatment Overview | 2618 | ||
| Conclusion | 2618 | ||
| References | 2618 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 2618 | ||
| References | 2619 | ||
| 72 Evaluation and Management of Men with Urinary Incontinence | 2622 | ||
| Types of Urinary Incontinence | 2622 | ||
| Stress Urinary Incontinence | 2622 | ||
| Urgency Urinary Incontinence | 2622 | ||
| Mixed Urinary Incontinence | 2622 | ||
| Nocturnal Enuresis | 2622 | ||
| Continuous Urinary Incontinence | 2622 | ||
| Postmicturition Leakage or Dribble | 2623 | ||
| Insensible Urinary Incontinence | 2623 | ||
| Other Types of Urinary Incontinence | 2623 | ||
| Evaluation | 2623 | ||
| History | 2623 | ||
| Physical Examination | 2623 | ||
| First-Line Investigations | 2623 | ||
| Measurement of Height and Weight to Calculate Body Mass Index | 2623 | ||
| Urinalysis | 2623 | ||
| Bladder Diary | 2623 | ||
| Quality-of-Life Questionnaires and Patient-Reported Outcome Measures | 2624 | ||
| Pad Testing | 2624 | ||
| Urine Flow Rate and Postvoid Residual | 2624 | ||
| Measurement of Prostate-Specific Antigen | 2631 | ||
| Blood Tests | 2631 | ||
| Endoscopy and Imaging | 2631 | ||
| Urodynamic Studies | 2632 | ||
| Treatment | 2632 | ||
| Treatment of Urgency Urinary Incontinence | 2632 | ||
| Treatment of Stress Urinary Incontinence | 2634 | ||
| Treatment of Mixed Urinary Incontinence | 2634 | ||
| Treatment of Other Types of Urinary Incontinence | 2634 | ||
| Enuresis | 2634 | ||
| Postmicturition Dribble | 2635 | ||
| Conclusion | 2635 | ||
| References | 2635 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 2635 | ||
| References | 2636 | ||
| 73 Urodynamic and Video-Urodynamic Evaluation of the Lower Urinary Tract | 2637 | ||
| The Role of Urodynamic Testing in Clinical Practice | 2637 | ||
| Functional Classification of Voiding Dysfunction: Applicability to Urodynamic Testing | 2638 | ||
| Conducting a Urodynamic Study: Patient and Technical Factors | 2639 | ||
| Preparing for a Urodynamic Study: Clinician, Patient, and Facility | 2639 | ||
| Components of the Urodynamic Study | 2639 | ||
| Urodynamic Equipment | 2641 | ||
| Urodynamic Systems | 2641 | ||
| Signal Transmission and Transducers | 2642 | ||
| Uroflowmeters | 2643 | ||
| Electromyography | 2643 | ||
| The Urodynamic Study: Analysis and Interpetation | 2644 | ||
| Filling and Storage Phase | 2644 | ||
| Normal Filling and Storage | 2644 | ||
| Abnormalities of Bladder Filling: Detrusor Overactivity and Impaired Compliance | 2644 | ||
| Leak Point Pressures | 2646 | ||
| Stress-Induced Detrusor Overactivity | 2647 | ||
| Occult Stress Incontinence | 2647 | ||
| Urethral Pressure Profilometry | 2647 | ||
| Voiding and Emptying Phase | 2648 | ||
| Normal Voiding and Emptying | 2648 | ||
| Voiding Pressure-Flow Studies | 2649 | ||
| Bladder Outlet Obstruction and Detrusor Underactivity in Men | 2650 | ||
| Bladder Outlet Obstruction in Women | 2651 | ||
| Sphincter Coordination | 2652 | ||
| The External Sphincter | 2652 | ||
| The Internal Sphincter | 2653 | ||
| Video-Urodynamics | 2653 | ||
| Ambulatory Urodynamics | 2656 | ||
| Clinical Utility of Ambulatory Urodynamics | 2656 | ||
| Clinical Applications of Urodynamic Studies: Evidence-Based Review | 2657 | ||
| Evaluation of Women with Stress Incontinence | 2658 | ||
| Evaluation of Men and Women with Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms | 2659 | ||
| Evaluation of Neurogenic Lower Urinary Tract Dysfunction | 2660 | ||
| References | 2661 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 2661 | ||
| References | 2662 | ||
| 74 Urinary Incontinence and Pelvic Prolapse | 2665 | ||
| Definition and Classification of Urinary Incontinence | 2665 | ||
| Introduction and Overview of the Lower Urinary Tract | 2665 | ||
| Signs, Symptoms, and Urodynamic Observations of Urinary Incontinence | 2665 | ||
| Terminology of Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms and Incontinence | 2666 | ||
| Incontinence | 2666 | ||
| Bladder Storage and Sensation | 2667 | ||
| Epidemiology of Urinary Incontinence in Women | 2667 | ||
| General Comments | 2667 | ||
| Prevalence of Urinary Incontinence in Adult Women | 2667 | ||
| Incidence and Remission Rates of Urinary Incontinence in Women | 2668 | ||
| Risk Factors for Urinary Incontinence in Women | 2669 | ||
| Aging | 2669 | ||
| Pregnancy and Postpartum | 2670 | ||
| Aspects of Delivery | 2670 | ||
| Parity | 2670 | ||
| Race/Ethnicity | 2670 | ||
| Hormonal Therapy | 2670 | ||
| Obesity | 2670 | ||
| Smoking | 2671 | ||
| Diet | 2671 | ||
| Medical Conditions | 2671 | ||
| Epidemiology of Urinary Incontinence in Men | 2672 | ||
| Prevalence, Incidence, Remission Rates | 2672 | ||
| Risk Factors for Urinary Incontinence in Men | 2672 | ||
| Definitions and Classification of Pelvic Organ Prolapse | 2672 | ||
| Symptoms of Pelvic Organ Prolapse | 2672 | ||
| Physical Examination of Pelvic Organ Prolapse | 2673 | ||
| Epidemiology of Pelvic Organ Prolapse | 2674 | ||
| Prevalence and Incidence | 2674 | ||
| Risk Factors | 2674 | ||
| Relationship between Urinary Incontinence and Pelvic Organ Prolapse | 2675 | ||
| Consequences of Urinary Incontinence and Prolapse | 2675 | ||
| Societal Costs of Urinary Incontinence | 2675 | ||
| Social Impact of Urinary Incontinence | 2676 | ||
| Societal and Personal Costs and Consequences of Pelvic Organ Prolapse | 2676 | ||
| Physiology of Urinary Continence | 2676 | ||
| Overview of Normal Continence Mechanisms | 2676 | ||
| Neural Control of the Lower Urinary Tract | 2676 | ||
| The Bladder: An Organ Capable of Significant Expansion at Low Pressures | 2677 | ||
| Bladder Outlet/Sphincteric Mechanisms | 2677 | ||
| Male Sphincteric Mechanisms | 2677 | ||
| Female Sphincteric Mechanisms | 2678 | ||
| Pathophysiology of Urinary Incontinence: General Principles | 2678 | ||
| Factors Affecting Bladder Storage | 2678 | ||
| Factors Affecting Sphincteric Function | 2679 | ||
| Pathophysiology of Stress Urinary Incontinence in Women | 2679 | ||
| Loss of Urethral Support | 2679 | ||
| Intrinsic Sphincteric Deficiency | 2680 | ||
| Pathophysiology of Insensible Incontinence | 2680 | ||
| Pathophysiology of Pelvic Organ Prolapse | 2680 | ||
| References | 2681 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 2681 | ||
| References | 2683 | ||
| 75 Neuromuscular Dysfunction of the Lower Urinary Tract | 2686 | ||
| Objectives | 2686 | ||
| General Patterns of Neuropathic Voiding Dysfunction | 2686 | ||
| Plasticity | 2688 | ||
| Disease at or above the Brainstem | 2688 | ||
| Cerebrovascular Disease | 2688 | ||
| Cerebrovascular Accident (Stroke) | 2688 | ||
| Brainstem Stroke | 2691 | ||
| Dementia | 2691 | ||
| Traumatic Brain Injury | 2691 | ||
| Brain Tumor | 2691 | ||
| Cerebellar Ataxia | 2691 | ||
| Normal-Pressure Hydrocephalus | 2692 | ||
| Cerebral Palsy | 2692 | ||
| Parkinson Disease | 2692 | ||
| Multiple System Atrophy | 2694 | ||
| Diseases Primarily Involving the Spinal Cord | 2694 | ||
| Multiple Sclerosis | 2694 | ||
| Spinal Cord Injury | 2696 | ||
| Epidemiology, Morbidity, General Concepts | 2696 | ||
| Spinal Shock | 2697 | ||
| Suprasacral Spinal Cord Injury | 2697 | ||
| Sacral Spinal Cord Injury | 2700 | ||
| Neurologic and Urodynamic Correlation | 2700 | ||
| Autonomic Hyperreflexia (Dysreflexia) | 2702 | ||
| Vesicoureteral Reflux | 2703 | ||
| Urinary Tract Infection | 2704 | ||
| Spinal Cord Injury in Women | 2704 | ||
| Spinal Cord Injury (Neurogenic Bladder) and Bladder Cancer | 2705 | ||
| Follow-Up | 2705 | ||
| Cervical Myelopathy | 2705 | ||
| Acute Transverse Myelitis | 2705 | ||
| Neurospinal Dysraphism | 2706 | ||
| Tabes Dorsalis, Pernicious Anemia | 2707 | ||
| Poliomyelitis | 2707 | ||
| Disease Distal to the Spinal Cord | 2708 | ||
| Disk Disease | 2708 | ||
| Spinal Stenosis | 2708 | ||
| Radical Pelvic Surgery | 2708 | ||
| Simple and Radical Hysterectomy | 2710 | ||
| Herpesvirus Infections | 2710 | ||
| Diabetes Mellitus | 2710 | ||
| Guillain-Barré Syndrome | 2711 | ||
| Miscellaneous Neurologic Diseases Causing Lower Urinary Tract Dysfunction | 2714 | ||
| Lyme Disease | 2714 | ||
| Hereditary Spastic Paraplegia | 2714 | ||
| Tropical Spastic Paraparesis | 2714 | ||
| Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome | 2714 | ||
| Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis | 2715 | ||
| Syringomyelia | 2715 | ||
| Schistosomal Myelopathy | 2715 | ||
| Systemic Lupus Erythematosus | 2715 | ||
| Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy | 2715 | ||
| Tuberculosis | 2715 | ||
| Miscellaneous Conditions Definitely, Probably, or Possibly Related to Neuromuscular Dysfunction | 2716 | ||
| Detrusor Sphincter Dyssynergia | 2716 | ||
| Dysfunctional Voiding | 2716 | ||
| Bladder Neck Dysfunction | 2716 | ||
| Bladder Outlet Obstruction in Women | 2717 | ||
| Low-Pressure and Low-Flow Voiding in Younger Men: Bashful Bladder | 2717 | ||
| Urinary Retention: Fowler Syndrome in Young Women | 2718 | ||
| Postoperative Urinary Retention | 2718 | ||
| Hyperthyroidism | 2719 | ||
| Schizophrenia | 2719 | ||
| Gastroparesis | 2719 | ||
| Myasthenia Gravis | 2719 | ||
| Isaacs Syndrome | 2719 | ||
| Wernicke Encephalopathy | 2719 | ||
| Systemic Sclerosis (Scleroderma) | 2720 | ||
| Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome | 2720 | ||
| Myotonic Dystrophy | 2720 | ||
| Corticobasal Degeneration | 2720 | ||
| Sacral Coccygeal Teratoma | 2720 | ||
| Subacute Combined Degeneration | 2720 | ||
| Williams-Beuren Syndrome | 2721 | ||
| Amyloidosis | 2721 | ||
| Machado-Joseph Disease | 2721 | ||
| Radiation | 2721 | ||
| The Defunctionalized Bladder | 2721 | ||
| Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia | 2722 | ||
| Aging | 2722 | ||
| Benign Joint Hypermobility Syndrome | 2722 | ||
| Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder | 2722 | ||
| Other Conditions | 2722 | ||
| Treatment of Neurogenic Lower Urinary Tract Dysfunction: Overview | 2722 | ||
| References | 2724 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 2724 | ||
| References | 2725 | ||
| 76 Overactive Bladder | 2733 | ||
| Terminology and Definitions | 2733 | ||
| Pathophysiology and Etiology | 2734 | ||
| Afferent Mechanisms in Overactive Bladder and Detrusor Overactivity | 2734 | ||
| Hypotheses of Detrusor Overactivity | 2735 | ||
| Etiology | 2736 | ||
| Prevalence and Costs | 2736 | ||
| Clinical Assessment | 2737 | ||
| Instruments for Measuring Bladder Sensations and Storage Symptoms | 2737 | ||
| Mixed Symptoms Incorporating Urinary Urgency | 2739 | ||
| Distinguishing Overactive Bladder from Bladder Pain Syndrome | 2740 | ||
| Initial Treatment Outline | 2740 | ||
| Specialized Evaluation and Management Outline | 2741 | ||
| Urodynamic Testing | 2741 | ||
| Specialized Treatment Outline | 2742 | ||
| References | 2743 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 2743 | ||
| References | 2744 | ||
| 77 The Underactive Detrusor | 2747 | ||
| Terminology, Definitions, and Symptoms | 2747 | ||
| Epidemiology | 2747 | ||
| Etiopathogenesis | 2750 | ||
| Myogenic Factors | 2750 | ||
| Neurogenic Factors | 2750 | ||
| Brain Circuits | 2750 | ||
| Bladder Efferent Pathways | 2750 | ||
| Bladder and Urethral Afferent Pathways | 2750 | ||
| Specific Etiologic Factors | 2752 | ||
| Bladder Outlet Obstruction | 2752 | ||
| Diabetes Mellitus | 2753 | ||
| Neurologic Disease or Injury | 2754 | ||
| Diagnosis | 2754 | ||
| Detrusor Contraction Strength | 2754 | ||
| Detrusor Contraction Speed | 2756 | ||
| Detrusor Contraction Duration | 2756 | ||
| Bladder Sensation | 2756 | ||
| Ambulatory Urodynamics | 2756 | ||
| Management | 2756 | ||
| Initial Assessment | 2756 | ||
| Conservative Management | 2756 | ||
| Pharmacotherapies | 2757 | ||
| Parasympathomimetics for Underactive Bladder | 2757 | ||
| α-Adrenoreceptor Antagonists | 2758 | ||
| Prostanoids | 2758 | ||
| Future Prospects in Pharmacotherapy | 2758 | ||
| Electrical Stimulation | 2758 | ||
| Botulinum Toxin | 2759 | ||
| Surgery | 2759 | ||
| Bladder Outlet Surgery | 2759 | ||
| Urinary Diversion | 2759 | ||
| Reconstructive Surgery | 2759 | ||
| Conclusions | 2759 | ||
| References | 2760 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 2760 | ||
| References | 2761 | ||
| 78 Nocturia | 2764 | ||
| Rationale for Evaluation and Management | 2764 | ||
| Nocturia Is Bothersome | 2764 | ||
| Nocturia Is Common | 2764 | ||
| Association of Nocturia with Early Mortality | 2764 | ||
| Costs to Society | 2766 | ||
| Evaluation | 2766 | ||
| Cause and Management | 2767 | ||
| Nocturnal Polyuria | 2768 | ||
| Epidemiology and Causes | 2768 | ||
| Management | 2769 | ||
| Diminished Global and Nocturnal Bladder Capacity | 2772 | ||
| Cause | 2772 | ||
| Management | 2772 | ||
| Mixed Nocturnal Polyuria and Diminished Global and Nocturnal Bladder Capacity | 2774 | ||
| Polyuria | 2778 | ||
| Etiology | 2778 | ||
| Management | 2778 | ||
| References | 2778 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 2778 | ||
| References | 2779 | ||
| 79 Pharmacologic Management of Lower Urinary Tract Storage and Emptying Failure | 2782 | ||
| Pharmacologic Therapy to Facilitate Bladder Filling and Urine Storage | 2782 | ||
| Inhibiting Bladder Contractility, Decreasing Sensory Input, Increasing Bladder Capacity | 2782 | ||
| Bladder Contraction and Muscarinic Receptors | 2782 | ||
| Muscarinic Receptors | 2783 | ||
| Prevalence of Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms | 2783 | ||
| Antimuscarinic (Anticholinergic) Agents | 2784 | ||
| Mechanism of Action. | 2784 | ||
| Pharmacologic Properties. | 2785 | ||
| Clinical Use. | 2786 | ||
| Adverse Effects. | 2786 | ||
| Antimuscarinics with Specific Action | 2787 | ||
| Atropine Sulfate. | 2787 | ||
| Darifenacin Hydrobromide. | 2787 | ||
| Assessment. | 2788 | ||
| Fesoterodine Fumarate. | 2788 | ||
| Assessment. | 2789 | ||
| Imidafenacin. | 2789 | ||
| 9780323263740v4_WEB | 4187 | ||
| Front Cover | 4187 | ||
| endsheet 2 | 4188 | ||
| Campbell-Walsh Urology | 4189 | ||
| Copyright Page | 4192 | ||
| Dedication | 4193 | ||
| Contributors | 4195 | ||
| Preface | 4207 | ||
| Table Of Contents | 4209 | ||
| Videos | 4215 | ||
| XV Pediatric Urology | 4221 | ||
| A Development and Prenatal Urology | 4221 | ||
| 122 Embryology of the Genitourinary Tract | 4221 | ||
| Kidney Development | 4221 | ||
| Early Events | 4221 | ||
| Pronephros and Mesonephros | 4221 | ||
| Metanephros | 4224 | ||
| Collecting System | 4224 | ||
| Renal Ascent | 4227 | ||
| Molecular Mechanism of Kidney Development | 4228 | ||
| Formation of Nephric Ducts | 4228 | ||
| Ureteric Bud Outgrowth toward Metanephric Mesenchyme | 4228 | ||
| Ureteric Bud Branching | 4229 | ||
| Tubulogenesis | 4230 | ||
| Mesenchymal-Epithelial Conversion | 4231 | ||
| Renal Vascular Development | 4231 | ||
| Bladder and Ureter Development | 4231 | ||
| Formation of Urogenital Sinus | 4231 | ||
| Formation of Trigone | 4231 | ||
| Development of the Ureter | 4232 | ||
| Development of the Bladder and Continence Mechanism | 4234 | ||
| Genital and Reproductive Tract Development | 4234 | ||
| Formation of Genital Ridges and Paramesonephric Ducts | 4234 | ||
| Development of Male Genital Structures | 4235 | ||
| Prostate and Seminal Vesicle Development | 4236 | ||
| Development of Female Genital Structures | 4238 | ||
| Development of External Genitalia | 4238 | ||
| Gonadal Descent | 4242 | ||
| Molecular Mechanism of Sex Development | 4243 | ||
| References | 4246 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 4246 | ||
| References | 4247 | ||
| 123 Disorders of Renal Functional Development in Children | 4251 | ||
| Development of Renal Function and the Transition to Neonatal Life | 4251 | ||
| Nephrogenesis and Anatomic Development | 4251 | ||
| Hemodynamics, Glomerular Filtration Rate, and Tubular Function | 4251 | ||
| Clinical Correlates | 4252 | ||
| Effects of Obstruction/Maldevelopment on Transition | 4252 | ||
| Effects of Nephron Endowment | 4252 | ||
| Renal Homeostasis, Fluids, and Electrolytes | 4253 | ||
| Glomerular Filtration Rate, Tubular Function, and Hemodynamics | 4253 | ||
| Manifestations of Renal Immaturity | 4253 | ||
| Fluid Prescriptions | 4253 | ||
| Clinical Presentation of Renal Dysfunction | 4254 | ||
| Hematuria | 4254 | ||
| Evaluation | 4254 | ||
| Management | 4256 | ||
| Proteinuria | 4256 | ||
| “Normal” Urinary Protein Excretion | 4256 | ||
| Etiology | 4256 | ||
| Measurement | 4256 | ||
| Causes | 4257 | ||
| Evaluation | 4257 | ||
| Treatment | 4258 | ||
| Glomerular Disease | 4259 | ||
| Evaluation | 4259 | ||
| Diagnosis and Management | 4259 | ||
| Nephrotic Syndrome in Infants. | 4260 | ||
| Nephrotic Syndrome in Older Children | 4260 | ||
| Minimal Change Nephrotic Syndrome. | 4260 | ||
| Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis. | 4260 | ||
| Other Etiologies of Nephrotic Syndrome. | 4260 | ||
| Glomerulonephritis. | 4261 | ||
| Infection-Related Glomerulonephritis. | 4261 | ||
| Immunoglobulin A Nephropathy. | 4261 | ||
| Henoch-Schönlein Purpura. | 4261 | ||
| Alport Syndrome (Hereditary Nephritis). | 4261 | ||
| Lupus Nephritis and Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibody–Mediated Diseases | 4262 | ||
| Lupus Nephritis. | 4262 | ||
| Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibody (ANCA)–Associated and ANCA-like Vasculitis. | 4262 | ||
| Thrombotic Microangiopathies. | 4262 | ||
| Tubular Disorders | 4263 | ||
| Proximal Tubule Disorders | 4263 | ||
| Fanconi Syndrome. | 4263 | ||
| Proximal Renal Tubular Acidosis. | 4263 | ||
| Dent Disease. | 4263 | ||
| Hypophosphatemic Rickets. | 4264 | ||
| Primary Renal Glucosuria. | 4264 | ||
| Distal Tubule and Collecting Duct Disorders | 4264 | ||
| Bartter Syndrome. | 4264 | ||
| Distal Renal Tubular Acidosis. | 4264 | ||
| Gitelman Syndrome. | 4264 | ||
| Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus. | 4264 | ||
| Pseudohypoaldosteronism Type I and Liddle Syndrome. | 4265 | ||
| Nephrolithiasis | 4265 | ||
| Epidemiology | 4265 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 4265 | ||
| Etiology | 4265 | ||
| Evaluation | 4266 | ||
| Medical Management | 4266 | ||
| Hypertension | 4267 | ||
| Acute Kidney Injury | 4268 | ||
| Etiology and Evaluation | 4269 | ||
| Management | 4270 | ||
| Chronic Kidney Disease | 4270 | ||
| Etiology | 4271 | ||
| Medical Complications of Chronic Kidney Disease | 4271 | ||
| Renal Replacement Therapy | 4272 | ||
| Dialysis | 4272 | ||
| Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy | 4272 | ||
| Peritoneal Dialysis | 4272 | ||
| Hemodialysis | 4273 | ||
| Renal Transplantation | 4273 | ||
| Summary | 4274 | ||
| References | 4274 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 4274 | ||
| References | 4275 | ||
| 124 Perinatal Urology | 4277 | ||
| Fetal Imaging | 4277 | ||
| Fetal Diagnosis | 4277 | ||
| Diagnostic Findings | 4277 | ||
| Kidney | 4277 | ||
| Ureter, Bladder, and Urinoma | 4278 | ||
| Amniotic Fluid | 4279 | ||
| External Genitalia | 4279 | ||
| Hydronephrosis | 4279 | ||
| Categorizing Antenatal Hydronephrosis by Anteroposterior Diameter. | 4280 | ||
| Alternative Measurements. | 4281 | ||
| Diagnostic Accuracy | 4281 | ||
| Specific Diagnoses | 4282 | ||
| Ureteropelvic Junction Obstruction | 4282 | ||
| Ureterovesical Junction Obstruction | 4282 | ||
| Cystic Kidneys | 4282 | ||
| Duplication Anomalies and Ureteroceles | 4283 | ||
| Vesicoureteral Reflux | 4284 | ||
| Posterior Urethral Valves | 4284 | ||
| Bladder Exstrophy | 4284 | ||
| Cloacal Exstrophy | 4284 | ||
| Cloacal Malformation | 4285 | ||
| Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia | 4286 | ||
| Megalourethra and Prune-Belly Syndrome Association | 4288 | ||
| Myelomeningocele | 4288 | ||
| Renal Mass | 4289 | ||
| Renal Vein Thrombosis | 4289 | ||
| Adrenal Mass | 4289 | ||
| Antenatal Management of Fetal Uropathies | 4290 | ||
| Rationale and Indications for Fetal Intervention | 4290 | ||
| Clinical Experience | 4291 | ||
| Clinical Outcomes | 4292 | ||
| Postnatal Management of Antenatally Detected Urologic Renal Abnormalities | 4292 | ||
| Unilateral Hydronephrosis | 4292 | ||
| Bilateral Hydronephrosis | 4293 | ||
| Renal Agenesis, Renal Ectopia, and Unilateral Multicystic Dysplastic Kidney | 4293 | ||
| Neonatal Urologic Emergencies | 4293 | ||
| Perineal Mass in a Female | 4293 | ||
| Abdominal Mass | 4294 | ||
| Imperforate Anus | 4294 | ||
| Oligohydramnios, Potter Syndrome, Renal Agenesis | 4294 | ||
| Single Umbilical Artery | 4294 | ||
| Sepsis | 4294 | ||
| Absence of Voiding | 4294 | ||
| Hematuria | 4295 | ||
| Hypertension | 4295 | ||
| Urinary Ascites | 4295 | ||
| Specific Diagnoses | 4295 | ||
| Renal Vein Thrombosis | 4295 | ||
| Adrenal Hemorrhage | 4295 | ||
| Renal Artery Thrombosis | 4295 | ||
| Summary | 4295 | ||
| Acknowledgment | 4295 | ||
| References | 4295 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 4295 | ||
| References | 4297 | ||
| B Basic Principles | 4301 | ||
| 125 Urologic Evaluation of the Child | 4301 | ||
| Chief Complaint and History of Present Illness | 4301 | ||
| Abdominal Complaints | 4301 | ||
| Scrotal Symptoms | 4302 | ||
| Male Penile or Urethral Symptoms | 4303 | ||
| Female Genital Symptoms | 4303 | ||
| Sexual Abuse | 4303 | ||
| Voiding Symptoms | 4304 | ||
| Urinary Tract Infection | 4305 | ||
| Hematuria | 4305 | ||
| Renal Trauma | 4306 | ||
| Ambiguous Genitalia | 4306 | ||
| Antenatal Hydronephrosis | 4306 | ||
| Congenital Anomalies in Neonates | 4310 | ||
| Past Medical and Surgical History | 4310 | ||
| Medications and Allergies in Pediatric Patients | 4310 | ||
| Pediatric Urologic Examination | 4311 | ||
| General Examination | 4311 | ||
| Abdominal and Flank Examination | 4311 | ||
| Genital Examination | 4312 | ||
| Scrotal Examination | 4312 | ||
| Penile Examination | 4313 | ||
| Female Perineal Examination | 4313 | ||
| Extended Physical Examination | 4313 | ||
| Pediatric Laboratory Evaluation | 4315 | ||
| Pediatric Radiographic Evaluation | 4315 | ||
| Ultrasonography | 4315 | ||
| Voiding Cystourethrography | 4316 | ||
| Renal Scintigraphy | 4317 | ||
| Computed Tomography | 4317 | ||
| Magnetic Resonance Urography | 4317 | ||
| Intravenous Pyelography | 4317 | ||
| Pediatric Urodynamic Evaluation and Biofeedback Training | 4318 | ||
| Office Surgical Procedures | 4318 | ||
| Summary | 4319 | ||
| References | 4319 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 4319 | ||
| References | 4320 | ||
| 126 Pediatric Urogenital Imaging | 4323 | ||
| Safety | 4323 | ||
| Nonionizing Modalities | 4323 | ||
| Ultrasonography | 4323 | ||
| Prenatal Imaging | 4323 | ||
| Hydronephrosis, Obstructive Uropathies, and Cystic Renal Lesions. | 4323 | ||
| Midline Pelvic Cysts. | 4324 | ||
| Renal and Abdominal Solid Masses. | 4324 | ||
| Abdominal Wall Defects. | 4324 | ||
| Upper Tract | 4325 | ||
| Lower Tract | 4327 | ||
| Bladder. | 4327 | ||
| Genitalia. | 4327 | ||
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging | 4329 | ||
| Upper Tract | 4329 | ||
| Lower Tract and Genitalia | 4329 | ||
| Ionizing Modalities | 4330 | ||
| Conventional Radiography and Fluoroscopy | 4330 | ||
| Upper and Lower Tract | 4330 | ||
| Genitalia | 4332 | ||
| Computed Tomography | 4332 | ||
| Upper Tract | 4332 | ||
| Lower Tract and Genitalia | 4335 | ||
| Nuclear Medicine | 4335 | ||
| Renal Cortical Scintigraphy | 4335 | ||
| Diuretic Scintigraphy | 4335 | ||
| Radionuclide Cystography | 4336 | ||
| Radionuclide Testicular Scanning | 4337 | ||
| References | 4339 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 4339 | ||
| References | 4340 | ||
| 127 Infection and Inflammation of the Pediatric Genitourinary Tract | 4342 | ||
| Evaluation and Management of a Child with a Fever | 4342 | ||
| Definition of a Urinary Tract Infection | 4343 | ||
| Pathogenesis of Urinary Tract Infection Development in Children | 4343 | ||
| Bacterial Factors Leading to Pediatric Urinary Tract Infections | 4344 | ||
| Bacterial Fimbriae | 4344 | ||
| Aerobactin | 4344 | ||
| Hemolysin | 4346 | ||
| Capsular Polysaccharide | 4346 | ||
| Host Risk Factors Leading to Pediatric Urinary Tract Infections | 4346 | ||
| Gender and Age | 4346 | ||
| Race | 4346 | ||
| Genetics | 4346 | ||
| Circumcision | 4346 | ||
| Fecal and Perineal Bacterial Colonization | 4347 | ||
| Anatomic Abnormalities | 4347 | ||
| Vesicoureteral Reflux | 4347 | ||
| Sexual Activity | 4347 | ||
| Bladder and Bowel Dysfunction | 4347 | ||
| Neurogenic Bladder | 4348 | ||
| Iatrogenic Factors | 4348 | ||
| Immune Status | 4348 | ||
| Classification of Pediatric Urinary Tract Infections | 4349 | ||
| Biofilms and Intracellular Bacterial Colonies | 4350 | ||
| Asymptomatic Bacteriuria | 4351 | ||
| Bacterial Nephritis | 4352 | ||
| Pyonephritis | 4352 | ||
| Acute Renal Abscess | 4352 | ||
| Diagnosis of Pediatric Urinary Tract Infection | 4352 | ||
| Symptoms | 4352 | ||
| Physical Examination | 4353 | ||
| Laboratories | 4353 | ||
| Urine Collection Methods | 4353 | ||
| Urinalysis | 4354 | ||
| Urine Dipstick Tests | 4354 | ||
| Urine Microscopic Examination | 4354 | ||
| Urine Culture | 4355 | ||
| Serum Tests | 4355 | ||
| Radiographic Imaging | 4355 | ||
| Controversies with Imaging Strategies | 4355 | ||
| Ultrasound | 4356 | ||
| Voiding Cystourethrogram | 4357 | ||
| 99mTc-dimercaptosuccinic Acid | 4357 | ||
| Computed Tomography | 4358 | ||
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging | 4358 | ||
| Management of Pediatric Urinary Tract Infection | 4358 | ||
| Antibiotic Treatment | 4358 | ||
| Inpatient Versus Outpatient Management | 4358 | ||
| Antibiotic Duration | 4359 | ||
| Antibiotic Selection | 4359 | ||
| Management of Post-Urinary Tract Infection | 4360 | ||
| Prophylactic Antibiotics | 4361 | ||
| Bladder and Bowel Dysfunction | 4361 | ||
| Management of Vesicoureteral Reflux | 4362 | ||
| Sequelae of Pediatric Urinary Tract Infections | 4362 | ||
| Renal Scarring | 4362 | ||
| Xanthogranulomatous Pyelonephritis | 4362 | ||
| Long-Term Sequelae | 4363 | ||
| Uncommon Pediatric Urinary Tract Infections | 4363 | ||
| Viral Cystitis | 4363 | ||
| Funguria | 4363 | ||
| References | 4364 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 4364 | ||
| References | 4365 | ||
| 128 Core Principles of Perioperative Management in Children | 4372 | ||
| Growth and Maturation | 4372 | ||
| Prematurity and Intrauterine Growth Restriction | 4372 | ||
| Intrauterine Growth and Lung Development | 4372 | ||
| Postnatal Considerations | 4373 | ||
| Cardiovascular | 4373 | ||
| Immunologic | 4373 | ||
| Renal | 4374 | ||
| Perioperative Fluids | 4374 | ||
| Pediatric Anesthesia and Analgesia | 4375 | ||
| Psychological and Emotional Preparation | 4375 | ||
| Risk of Anesthesia | 4375 | ||
| Anesthesia-Induced Neurotoxicity | 4375 | ||
| Basic Preoperative Preparation | 4376 | ||
| Nulla per Os (NPO) Guidelines | 4376 | ||
| Immunizations | 4376 | ||
| Special Circumstances | 4377 | ||
| The Child with an Upper Respiratory Infection | 4377 | ||
| Asthma | 4377 | ||
| The Former Premature Infant | 4378 | ||
| Spina Bifida | 4378 | ||
| Children with Cancer | 4378 | ||
| The Child of a Jehovah’s Witness | 4378 | ||
| Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia | 4378 | ||
| Regional Anesthesia | 4379 | ||
| Postoperative Pain Management | 4379 | ||
| Surgical Preparation and Intraoperative Considerations | 4381 | ||
| Surgical Preparation | 4381 | ||
| Antimicrobial Prophylaxis | 4381 | ||
| Thromboembolism Prophylaxis | 4382 | ||
| Hair Removal | 4383 | ||
| Intraoperative Considerations | 4383 | ||
| Blood Loss and Transfusion Requirement | 4383 | ||
| Thermoregulation | 4383 | ||
| Postoperative Care | 4383 | ||
| Complications | 4383 | ||
| References | 4384 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 4385 | ||
| References | 4386 | ||
| 129 Principles of Laparoscopic and Robotic Surgery in Children | 4388 | ||
| General Applications of Laparoscopy | 4388 | ||
| Advantages of Minimally Invasive Surgery | 4388 | ||
| Disadvantages of Minimally Invasive Surgery | 4389 | ||
| The Learning Curve | 4389 | ||
| Cost | 4389 | ||
| Contraindications to Minimally Invasive Surgery | 4390 | ||
| Strong Contraindications | 4390 | ||
| Size of the Child | 4390 | ||
| Team Development | 4390 | ||
| Hemostatic Devices | 4390 | ||
| Manual Ligation | 4390 | ||
| Energy Devices | 4390 | ||
| Suturing | 4390 | ||
| Anesthesia | 4391 | ||
| Anesthesia Physiology | 4391 | ||
| Pressure Effects | 4391 | ||
| Absorption Effects | 4391 | ||
| The Different Approaches: Transperitoneal versus Retroperitoneal | 4391 | ||
| Patient Preparation | 4392 | ||
| Transperitoneal Approach | 4392 | ||
| Positioning | 4392 | ||
| Laparoscopic Access Techniques | 4392 | ||
| Step-by-Step Access Procedure | 4392 | ||
| Direct Access | 4393 | ||
| Retroperitoneal Laparoscopic Approach (Box 129-5) | 4393 | ||
| Advantages | 4393 | ||
| Disadvantages | 4393 | ||
| Anatomic Considerations for Retroperitoneal Laparoscopy | 4394 | ||
| Step-by-Step Retroperitoneal Access Procedure | 4394 | ||
| Patient Positioning. | 4394 | ||
| Troubleshooting the Robotic Approach | 4394 | ||
| Robotic Port Placement (Box 129-7) | 4394 | ||
| Robotic Visualization | 4394 | ||
| Laparoendoscopic Single-Site Surgery | 4394 | ||
| Potential Complications and Solutions | 4395 | ||
| Vascular | 4396 | ||
| Organ Injury | 4396 | ||
| Infection | 4396 | ||
| Urine Leak | 4396 | ||
| Hernias | 4397 | ||
| Outcomes | 4397 | ||
| Conclusion | 4399 | ||
| References | 4399 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 4399 | ||
| References | 4400 | ||
| C Upper Urinary Tract Conditions | 4401 | ||
| 130 Anomalies of the Upper Urinary Tract | 4401 | ||
| Anomalies of number | 4401 | ||
| Bilateral Renal Agenesis | 4401 | ||
| Incidence. | 4401 | ||
| Syndromic Associations. | 4401 | ||
| Renal Embryology. | 4401 | ||
| Relationship of the Wolffian Duct to Müllerian Duct Formation. | 4401 | ||
| Molecular Mechanisms of Mammalian Kidney Organogenesis. | 4402 | ||
| Mammalian Kidney Organogenesis: New Advances. | 4402 | ||
| Gross Pathologic Description of Retroperitoneal Findings | 4404 | ||
| Phenotypic Features. | 4404 | ||
| Role of Amniotic Fluid Production and Pulmonary Development. | 4404 | ||
| Prenatal and Postnatal Diagnosis. | 4405 | ||
| Postnatal Radiographic Evaluation. | 4405 | ||
| Prognosis. | 4406 | ||
| Unilateral Renal Agenesis | 4406 | ||
| Incidence. | 4406 | ||
| Genetic/Syndromic and Other Associations. | 4406 | ||
| Embryology. | 4406 | ||
| Associated Genitourinary and Adrenal Anomalies. | 4406 | ||
| Anomalies in the Male. | 4408 | ||
| Anomalies in the Female. | 4409 | ||
| Anomalies of Other Organ Systems. | 4410 | ||
| Diagnosis and Radiographic Evaluation. | 4410 | ||
| Special Considerations. | 4410 | ||
| Prognosis. | 4410 | ||
| Current Concepts Regarding Prognosis in Adults with Unilateral Renal Agenesis. | 4410 | ||
| Supernumerary Kidney | 4411 | ||
| Incidence. | 4411 | ||
| Embryology and Molecular Mechanisms. | 4411 | ||
| Description and Associated Anomalies. | 4411 | ||
| Symptoms. | 4412 | ||
| Diagnosis. | 4412 | ||
| Anomalies of Ascent | 4412 | ||
| Simple Renal Ectopia | 4412 | ||
| Incidence. | 4412 | ||
| Embryology. | 4412 | ||
| Description and Associated Anomalies. | 4416 | ||
| Diagnosis. | 4416 | ||
| Prognosis. | 4416 | ||
| Cephalad Renal Ectopia | 4416 | ||
| Thoracic Kidney | 4418 |