BOOK
Middleton's Allergy: Principles and Practice E-Book
N. Franklin Adkinson Jr. | William W Busse | Bruce S Bochner | Stephen T. Holgate | F. Estelle R. Simons | Robert F Lemanske
(2008)
Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
This best-selling resource has a worldwide reputation as the leader in its field. Focusing on human immunology and biology, while also reporting on scientific experimentation and advancement, it provides comprehensive coverage of state-of-the-art basic science as well as authoritative guidance on the practical aspects of day-to-day diagnosis and management. This new edition includes 700 full-color illustrations and a new, more accessible format to make finding information a snap for the busy practitioner. And this Expert Consult Edition offers online access to the complete contents of the 2-volume set, fully searchable, and much more.
- Includes a glossary of allergy and immunology for quick and easy reference.
- Contains keypoints and clinical pearls highlighted to find important information quickly.
- links to useful online resources both for you and for your patients.
- Offers contributions from hundreds of international authorities for world-class expertise in overcoming any clinical challenge.
- Contains 400 new illustrations, 700 in all, to better illustrate complex immunology.
- Covers the very latest in the field, including hot topics such as food allergy and immunotherapy.
- Includes the latest guidelines from The National Asthma Education and Prevention Program (NAEPP).
- Utilizes a new, more user-friendly full-color format for easier reference.
- Includes online access to the entire contents of the book, fully searchable, with links to MEDLINE abstracts for all of the references.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| e9780323056595v1 | 1 | ||
| Front Cover | 1 | ||
| Middleton’s Allergy Seventh edition Principles & Practice | 4 | ||
| Copyright Page | 5 | ||
| Contents | 6 | ||
| Preface | 14 | ||
| Preface to the first edition | 16 | ||
| Contributors | 18 | ||
| Section A - IMMUNOLOGY | 33 | ||
| Chapter 1 - The Immune System: an Overview | 35 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 35 | ||
| COMPONENTS OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM | 36 | ||
| THE IMMUNE RESPONSE | 43 | ||
| IMMUNOPATHOLOGY - MECHANISMS OF IMMUNE-MEDIATED DISEASES | 45 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 48 | ||
| References | 48 | ||
| Chapter 2 - Innate Immunity | 51 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 51 | ||
| MICROBIAL PATTERN RECOGNITION BY THE INNATE IMMUNE SYSTEM | 52 | ||
| PATTERN RECOGNITION RECEPTORS | 52 | ||
| RESIDENT CELLULAR RESPONSES OF INNATE IMMUNITY | 57 | ||
| INFILTRATIVE CELLULAR RESPONSES OF INNATE IMMUNITY | 58 | ||
| INNATE INSTRUCTION OF ADAPTIVE IMMUNE RESPONSES | 59 | ||
| HOMEOSTASIS IN THE INNATE IMMUNE SYSTEM | 59 | ||
| INNATE IMMUNITY AND ALLERGY | 62 | ||
| References | 64 | ||
| Chapter 3 - Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering | 69 | ||
| ANATOMY OF THE GENE | 69 | ||
| RNA AND PROTEIN SYNTHESIS | 70 | ||
| DNA REPAIR | 73 | ||
| DNA REPLICATION | 73 | ||
| CONTROL OF GENE EXPRESSION | 74 | ||
| DNA REARRANGEMENT (GENETIC RECOMBINATION) | 75 | ||
| RECOMBINANT DNA TECHNOLOGY | 76 | ||
| FRAGMENTATION, SEPARATION, SEQUENCING, AND IDENTIFICATION OF DNA | 76 | ||
| NUCLEIC ACID HYBRIDIZATION | 78 | ||
| GENE CLONING | 80 | ||
| ISOLATION OF GENE | 83 | ||
| GENE MAPPING | 84 | ||
| DNA ENGINEERING | 85 | ||
| GENOMICS AND PROTEOMICS | 85 | ||
| RNA INTERFERENCE/RNA SILENCING | 87 | ||
| EPIGENETICS | 87 | ||
| SUMMARY | 89 | ||
| References | 89 | ||
| Chapter 4 - Principles of Genetics in Allergic Diseases and Asthma | 91 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 91 | ||
| PHENOTYPE DEFINITION | 92 | ||
| EVIDENCE FOR A GENETIC COMPONENT IN ASTHMA | 92 | ||
| CURRENT KNOWLEDGE ON GENES ASSOCIATED WITH ASTHMA | 93 | ||
| GENOME-WIDE LINKAGE STUDIES | 93 | ||
| CANDIDATE GENE APPROACH | 95 | ||
| CANDIDATE GENE ASSOCIATION STUDIES FOR ASTHMA-RELATED PHENOTYPES | 96 | ||
| GENE BY GENE INTERACTION | 97 | ||
| GENE–ENVIRONMENT INTERACTION IN ASTHMA | 97 | ||
| PHARMACOGENOMICS OF ASTHMA | 99 | ||
| NEW APPROACHES TO ASTHMA GENETICS | 100 | ||
| GENOME-WIDE ASSOCIATION STUDIES | 101 | ||
| References | 103 | ||
| Chapter 5 - Immunoglobulin Structure and Function | 105 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 105 | ||
| B LYMPHOCYTES AND THE HUMORAL IMMUNE RESPONSE | 105 | ||
| IMMUNOGLOBULIN STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION | 108 | ||
| IMMUNOGLOBULIN GENES: GENERATION OF DIVERSITY AND CLASS SWITCH | 114 | ||
| THERAPEUTIC APPLICATIONS OF IMMUNOGLOBULINS | 116 | ||
| SUMMARY | 118 | ||
| References | 118 | ||
| Chapter 6 - The Complement System | 121 | ||
| OVERVIEW | 121 | ||
| INTRODUCTION TO THE COMPLEMENT SYSTEM | 122 | ||
| THE CLASSICAL PATHWAY | 123 | ||
| THE ALTERNATIVE PATHWAY | 124 | ||
| THE LECTIN ACTIVATION PATHWAY | 125 | ||
| THE MEMBRANE ATTACK COMPLEX | 125 | ||
| RECEPTORS AND BIOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS | 126 | ||
| REGULATION OF COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION | 128 | ||
| DISORDERS ASSOCIATEDWITH COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION | 131 | ||
| DISORDERS ASSOCIATED WITH COMPLEMENT DEFICIENCY | 133 | ||
| MANAGEMENT OF COMPLEMENT DEFICIENCIES | 140 | ||
| LABORATORY ASSESSMENT OF COMPLEMENT | 141 | ||
| References | 142 | ||
| Chapter 7 - Immunobiology of IgE | 147 | ||
| INDUCTION OF IgE SYNTHESIS: CELL–CELL INTERACTIONS | 147 | ||
| MOLECULAR EVENTS IN THE INDUCTION OF IgE SYNTHESIS | 150 | ||
| IgE REGULATION AND THE ENVIRONMENT | 155 | ||
| ISOTYPE SWITCHING IN TISSUES | 156 | ||
| IgE REGULATION: BENCH TO BEDSIDE | 157 | ||
| THE GENETIC REGULATION OF IgE RESPONSES | 158 | ||
| References | 159 | ||
| Chapter 8 - Signal Transduction | 161 | ||
| introduction | 161 | ||
| GENERAL PRINCIPLES | 162 | ||
| CELL STRUCTURES | 162 | ||
| GENERAL FEATURES OF RECEPTORS AND SIGNALING | 162 | ||
| MECHANISMS MEDIATING INTRACELLULAR SIGNALING | 164 | ||
| SELECTED SIGNALING SYSTEMS RELEVANT TO ALLERGY | 175 | ||
| ADDITIONAL THERAPEUTIC CONSIDERATIONS | 178 | ||
| References | 178 | ||
| Chapter 9 - Cellular Adhesion in Inflammation | 181 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 181 | ||
| SELECTINS AND SELECTIN LIGANDS | 182 | ||
| INTEGRINS | 184 | ||
| IMMUNOGLOBULIN GENE SUPERFAMILY | 186 | ||
| GALECTINS, CADHERINS, AND CD44 | 188 | ||
| LEUKOCYTE ADHESION TO AND ACROSS THE ENDOTHELIUM | 189 | ||
| REGULATION OF ADHESION MOLECULE EXPRESSION | 192 | ||
| HUMAN DISEASE ASSOCIATED WITH ADHESION MOLECULE DEFICIENCY | 193 | ||
| ADHESION MOLECULES IN HUMAN ALLERGIC INFLAMMATION | 193 | ||
| POTENTIAL SIDE EFFECTS OF ADHESION-BASED THERAPY | 194 | ||
| SUMMARY | 194 | ||
| References | 194 | ||
| Chapter 10 - Cytokines in Allergic Inflammation | 197 | ||
| INTRODUCTION: DEFINITION, -EVOLUTION OF CYTOKINE BIOLOGY, AND NOMENCLATURE | 197 | ||
| Cytokine production by antigen-presenting cells | 198 | ||
| CYTOTOXIC IMMUNITY | 200 | ||
| HUMORAL IMMUNITY | 200 | ||
| CELLULAR IMMUNITY | 200 | ||
| ALLERGIC IMMUNITY | 201 | ||
| Antiinflammatory cytokines | 203 | ||
| T helper lymphocyte families | 210 | ||
| CYTOKINES AND IMMUNE RESPONSES TO ALLERGENS | 208 | ||
| SUMMARY | 208 | ||
| References | 209 | ||
| Chapter 11 - Chemokines in Cell Movement and Allergic Inflammation | 213 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 213 | ||
| CHEMOKINES | 213 | ||
| CHEMOKINE RECEPTORS AND SIGNALING | 214 | ||
| REGULATORY MECHANISMS FOR THE CHEMOKINE RESPONSE | 218 | ||
| BIOLOGICAL ROLE OF CHEMOKINE–CHEMOKINE RECEPTOR INTERACTIONS | 222 | ||
| ROLE IN HUMAN DISEASE | 224 | ||
| CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS OF GENE MUTATIONS AFFECTING THE CHEMOKINE SYSTEM | 230 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 231 | ||
| References | 231 | ||
| Chapter 12 - Lipid Mediators of Hypersensitivity and Inflammation | 235 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 235 | ||
| GENERATION OF LIPID MEDIATOR PRECURSORS BY PHOSPHOLIPASE A2 | 235 | ||
| EICOSANOID FORMATION | 236 | ||
| INDIVIDUAL PROSTANOIDS | 238 | ||
| LIPOXYGENASE PATHWAY | 244 | ||
| ISOPROSTANES | 248 | ||
| SPHINGOSINE-1-PHOSPHATE | 249 | ||
| SUMMARY | 250 | ||
| References | 250 | ||
| Chapter 13 - Neuronal Control of Airway Function in Allergy | 255 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 255 | ||
| LOWER AIRWAY INNERVATION | 256 | ||
| AIRWAY NEUROPHYSIOLOGY AND THE ALLERGIC REACTION | 260 | ||
| CONCLUSIONS | 264 | ||
| References | 264 | ||
| Chapter 14 - Biochemical Events in Basophil/Mast Cell Activation and Mediator Release | 267 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 267 | ||
| IgE-MEDIATED SIGNALING: THE AGGREGATION REACTION | 268 | ||
| IgE RECEPTOR STRUCTURE | 269 | ||
| BRIEF OVERVIEW OF THE EARLY STAGES OF FcεRI-MEDIATED SIGNALING | 269 | ||
| References | 288 | ||
| Chapter 15 - Stem Cells: What Are They and Why Do We Need Them? | 291 | ||
| STEM CELLS: DEFINITION AND GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS | 291 | ||
| EMBRYONIC AND ADULT STEM CELLS | 291 | ||
| ADULT STEM CELLS (ASC) | 292 | ||
| HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELLS | 294 | ||
| THE STEM CELL NICHE | 296 | ||
| STEM CELL CLINICAL APPLICATIONS | 299 | ||
| FUTURE DIRECTIONS | 300 | ||
| References | 301 | ||
| Chapter 16 - Biology of Lymphocytes | 303 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 303 | ||
| T LYMPHOCYTES | 303 | ||
| B LYMPHOCYTES | 308 | ||
| LYMPHOCYTES IN ASTHMA | 309 | ||
| References | 312 | ||
| Chapter 17 - Biology of Neutrophils | 315 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 315 | ||
| NEUTROPHIL MIGRATION | 315 | ||
| MEDIATORS RELEASED BY ACTIVATED NEUTROPHILS | 318 | ||
| NEUTROPHIL CLEARANCE AND DEATH | 319 | ||
| NEUTROPHILS IN ASTHMA | 320 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 325 | ||
| References | 325 | ||
| Chapter 18 - Biology of Eosinophils | 327 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 327 | ||
| EOSINOPHIL DIFFERENTIATION AND TISSUE RECRUITMENT | 327 | ||
| SURFACE MARKERS IN EOSINOPHILS | 330 | ||
| EOSINOPHIL-DERIVED MEDIATORS | 331 | ||
| EOSINOPHIL AS EFFECTOR CELLS IN WORM INFECTIONS | 339 | ||
| CONCLUSIONS | 340 | ||
| References | 340 | ||
| Chapter 19 - Biology of Mast Cells and their Mediators | 343 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 343 | ||
| HISTOLOGIC IDENTIFICATION OF MAST CELLS | 343 | ||
| MORPHOLOGY OF MAST CELLS | 344 | ||
| MAST CELL GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT | 347 | ||
| ACTIVATING AND INHIBITORY RECEPTORS OF MAST CELLS | 350 | ||
| MAST CELL-DERIVED MEDIATORS | 351 | ||
| MAST CELL PATHOBIOLOGY | 355 | ||
| SUMMARY | 357 | ||
| References | 357 | ||
| Chapter 20 - Biology of Basophils | 361 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 361 | ||
| DEVELOPMENT AND MORPHOLOGY | 361 | ||
| FUNCTIONAL AND PHENOTYPIC MARKERS | 362 | ||
| INFLAMMATORY MEDIATORS | 364 | ||
| BASOPHIL ACTIVATION | 365 | ||
| PHARMACOLOGICAL MODULATION OF SECRETION | 368 | ||
| BASOPHIL INVOLVEMENT IN DISEASE | 369 | ||
| SUMMARY | 370 | ||
| References | 371 | ||
| Chapter 21 - Antigen-Presenting Dendritic Cells | 373 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 373 | ||
| DENDRITIC CELL TERMINOLOGY AND HETEROGENEITY | 373 | ||
| ANTIGEN UPTAKE | 374 | ||
| ANTIGEN PRESENTATION | 374 | ||
| INTEGRATED FUNCTION OF DENDRITIC CELLS IN THE IMMUNE RESPONSE | 376 | ||
| ROLE FOR DENDRITIC CELLS IN ALLERGIC SENSITIZATION IN HUMANS | 382 | ||
| DENDRITIC CELLS IN ALLERGIC ASTHMA | 382 | ||
| DENDRITIC CELLS IN ATOpIC DERMATITIS | 384 | ||
| ROLE Of DENDRITIC CELLS IN ALLERGIC RHINITIS | 384 | ||
| DENDRITIC CELLS AS DRUG TARGETS IN ALLERGIC DISEASES | 384 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 385 | ||
| References | 385 | ||
| Chapter 22 - The Biology of Monocytes and Macrophages | 387 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 387 | ||
| MACROPHAGES AND AFFERENT ARM IMMUNE FUNCTION | 388 | ||
| MACROPHAGES AND EFFERENT ARM IMMUNE FUNCTION – GENERAL CONCEPTS | 396 | ||
| MACROPHAGES IN ASTHMA | 397 | ||
| SUMMARY | 401 | ||
| References | 401 | ||
| Chapter 23 - Biology of Epithelial Cells | 405 | ||
| EPITHELIAL ANATOMY AND PHENOTYPE | 405 | ||
| CELL–CELL ADHESION AND COMMUNICATION | 406 | ||
| EPITHELIAL CHANGES IN ASTHMA | 408 | ||
| EPITHELIAL CELLS AND AIRWAY INFLAMMATION | 408 | ||
| LEUKOCYTE–EPITHELIAL INTERACTIONS | 411 | ||
| EPITHELIAL CELLS AND AIRWAY REMODELING | 411 | ||
| EPITHELIAL CELLS AND HOST DEFENSE | 412 | ||
| EPITHELIUM AND INNATE IMMUNITY | 413 | ||
| SUMMARY | 416 | ||
| References | 416 | ||
| Chapter 24 - Biology of Endothelial Cells | 419 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 419 | ||
| THE ENDOTHELIUM AND REGULATION OF THE INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE | 419 | ||
| ENDOTHELIAL CELL INJURY DURING ACUTE INFLAMMATION | 422 | ||
| ENDOTHELIAL CELLS IN ALLERGY AND ASTHMA | 427 | ||
| CONCLUSIONS | 429 | ||
| References | 429 | ||
| Chapter 25 - Biology of Airway Smooth Muscle Cells | 431 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 431 | ||
| ASM CONTRACTION AND AIRWAY HYPERRESPONSIVENESS | 432 | ||
| CELLULAR AND MOLECULAR MECHANISMS REGULATING AIRWAY SMOOTH MUSCLE CELL GROWTH | 433 | ||
| SYNTHETIC FUNCTION OF ASM | 437 | ||
| SUMMARY | 440 | ||
| References | 440 | ||
| Chapter 26 - Regulation of Cell Survival | 445 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 445 | ||
| KEY REGULATORS OF CELL SURVIVAL | 445 | ||
| MAST CELLS | 447 | ||
| EOSINOPHILS | 448 | ||
| T CELLS | 449 | ||
| DENDRITIC CELLS | 450 | ||
| RESOLUTION OF INFLAMMATION | 450 | ||
| CONCLUSIONS | 451 | ||
| References | 451 | ||
| Chapter 27 - Protease-Activated Pathways of Inflammation | 455 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 455 | ||
| STRUCTURE AND INTRACELLULAR SIGNALING OF PROTEASE-ACTIVATED RECEPTORS | 456 | ||
| PROTEASES THAT ACTIVATE PARs | 458 | ||
| FUNCTIONS OF PARs AND PROTEASES IN INDIVIDUAL CELL TYPES | 460 | ||
| PROTEASE INHIBITORS | 460 | ||
| DISEASE CORRELATIONS | 463 | ||
| MODULATION OF PAR FUNCTIONS AS A POTENTIAL TREATMENT | 465 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 465 | ||
| References | 466 | ||
| Chapter 28 - Animal Models of Allergen-Induced Asthma | 469 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 469 | ||
| CHARACTERISTICS OF ANIMAL MODELS OF ALLERGIC ASTHMA | 470 | ||
| CHARACTERISTICS AND ASSESSMENT OF THE ALLERGIC ASTHMA PHENOTYPE | 472 | ||
| DISSECTING MECHANISMS IN ANIMAL MODELS OF ALLERGIC ASTHMA | 474 | ||
| EXAMINING THE KINETICS OF THE ASTHMATIC RESPONSE | 475 | ||
| USING ANIMAL MODELS TO IDENTIFY NOVEL ASTHMA SUSCEPTIBILITY GENES | 475 | ||
| T-CELL MEDIATORS OF ALLERGIC ASTHMA | 477 | ||
| INNATE IMMUNE RESPONSES IN ASTHMA | 481 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 482 | ||
| References | 482 | ||
| Chapter 29 - Pathophysiology of Allergic Inflammation | 487 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 487 | ||
| INFLAMMATORY CELLS | 488 | ||
| INFLAMMATORY MEDIATORS | 491 | ||
| EFFECTS OF INFLAMMATION | 494 | ||
| TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS | 498 | ||
| ANTIINFLAMMATORY MECHANISMS IN ALLERGY | 499 | ||
| FUTURE DIRECTIONS | 500 | ||
| References | 501 | ||
| Chapter 30 - Immunopathology of Allergic Airway Inflammation | 505 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 505 | ||
| IMMUNOGLOBULIN E AND RECEPTORS | 505 | ||
| KEY INFLAMMATORY CELLS IN HUMAN ALLERGIC AIRWAYS DISEASE | 507 | ||
| Th2 CYTOKINE EXPRESSION IN HUMAN ALLERGIC AIRWAYS DISEASE | 512 | ||
| CHEMOKINES IN ALLERGIC AIRWAYS INFLAMMATION | 517 | ||
| TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS | 520 | ||
| SUMMARY | 522 | ||
| References | 522 | ||
| Section B - AEROBIOLOGY AND ALLERGENS | 525 | ||
| Chapter 31 - Air Pollution: Indoor and Outdoor | 527 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 527 | ||
| NATURE OF AIRBORNE CONTAMINANTS | 527 | ||
| BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF SPECIFIC AIR POLLUTANTS | 531 | ||
| GAS PHASE AIR POLLUTANTS | 534 | ||
| OXIDANT BIOLOGY AND EVIDENCE FOR GENETIC INFLUENCES ON THE RESPONSE TO POLLUTANTS | 535 | ||
| INTERVENTIONS FOR THE EFFECTS OF POLLUTANTS ON AIRWAY PHYSIOLOGY | 537 | ||
| SUMMARY | 538 | ||
| References | 538 | ||
| Chapter 32 - Aerobiology of Outdoor Allergens | 541 | ||
| AEROALLERGENS AND SOURCES | 541 | ||
| FACTORS INFLUENCING CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF AEROALLERGENS | 541 | ||
| DETECTION OF AEROALLERGENS | 542 | ||
| POLLEN AEROALLERGENS | 544 | ||
| FUNGI AS AEROALLERGENS | 554 | ||
| OTHER PLANT AND MICROBIAL PARTICLES AS ALLERGEN SOURCES | 567 | ||
| References | 568 | ||
| Chapter 33 - Indoor Allergens | 571 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 571 | ||
| HISTORY | 571 | ||
| RELEVANCE TO ALLERGIC DISEASES | 573 | ||
| SOURCES OF INDOOR ALLERGENS | 573 | ||
| MOLECULAR BIOLOGY | 578 | ||
| INDOOR ALLERGEN EXPOSURE AND SENSITIZATION OR DISEASE | 578 | ||
| AIR-BORNE INDOOR ALLERGENS | 579 | ||
| AVOIDANCE MEASURES FOR INDOOR ALLERGENS | 581 | ||
| IMMUNE RESPONSES TO ALLERGENS FROM DIFFERENT SOURCES | 583 | ||
| CONCLUSIONS | 584 | ||
| References | 584 | ||
| Chapter 34 - Preparation and Standardization of Allergen Extracts | 589 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 589 | ||
| SOURCE MATERIALS | 590 | ||
| MANUFACTURE OF ALLERGEN EXTRACTS | 593 | ||
| STABILITY OF ALLERGEN EXTRACTS | 595 | ||
| US STANDARDIZATION OF EXTRACTS | 595 | ||
| ALLERGEN EXTRACTS IN EUROPE | 599 | ||
| SUMMARY | 599 | ||
| References | 599 | ||
| Chapter 35 - The Structure and Function of Allergens | 601 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 601 | ||
| ALLERGEN NOMENCLATURE | 602 | ||
| ALLERGENS AND ALLERGEN SOURCES | 602 | ||
| AEROALLERGENS – POLLENS | 602 | ||
| AEROALLERGENS – FUNGI | 608 | ||
| AEROALLERGENS – ANIMAL-DERIVED | 613 | ||
| AEROALLERGENS – ARTHROPOD-DERIVED | 615 | ||
| AEROALLERGENS – OCCUPATIONAL | 617 | ||
| INGESTED ALLERGENS | 622 | ||
| INJECTED INSECT ALLERGENS | 623 | ||
| PATHOGEN-DERIVED ALLERGENS AND AUTOALLERGENS | 627 | ||
| THREE-DIMENSIONAL STRUCTURES OF ALLERGENS | 629 | ||
| ALLERGEN BIOCHEMISTRY, IMMUNOGENICITY, AND INFLAMMATION | 631 | ||
| CONCLUSIONS | 639 | ||
| References | 639 | ||
| Section C - PHYSIOLOGY | 641 | ||
| Chapter 36 - Structural and Functional Cutaneous Immunology | 643 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 643 | ||
| CELLS AND STRUCTURE OF THE SKIN | 643 | ||
| CUTANEOUS IMMUNOLOGY | 652 | ||
| SUMMARY | 660 | ||
| References | 662 | ||
| Chapter 37 - Airway Smooth Muscle and Related Extracellular Matrix in Normal and Asthmatic Lung | 665 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 665 | ||
| STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF AIRWAY SMOOTH MUSCLE | 666 | ||
| DETERMINANTS OF AIRWAY NARROWING | 668 | ||
| CYTOSKELETAL ELEMENTS OF AIRWAYS MODULATE MUSCLE CONTRACTION | 669 | ||
| ROLE OF EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX IN AIRWAY REMODELING IN ASTHMA | 670 | ||
| ASTHMATIC AIRWAY SMOOTH MUSCLE MORPHOLOGY AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES | 671 | ||
| IMPLICATIONS REGARDING THERAPY FOR ASTHMA | 672 | ||
| UNIFYING HYPOTHESIS: ALTERED MECHANICAL RESTRAINTS AND MUSCLE PLASTICITY INDUCE EXCESSIVE AIRWAY SMOOTH MUSCLE SHORTENING IN ASTHMA | 673 | ||
| References | 673 | ||
| Chapter 38 - Development, Structure, and Physiology in Normal Lung and in Asthma | 677 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 677 | ||
| LUNG DEVELOPMENT | 677 | ||
| AIRWAY REMODELING | 678 | ||
| AIRFLOW LIMITATION | 678 | ||
| AIRWAY HYPER-RESPONSIVENESS | 683 | ||
| LUNG PARENCHYMA | 683 | ||
| AIRWAY CLOSURE | 685 | ||
| PFT INTERPRETATION | 685 | ||
| INTERPRETATION SUMMARY | 689 | ||
| References | 689 | ||
| Chapter 39 - Airway Mucus and the Mucociliary System | 691 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 691 | ||
| CONSTITUENTS OF AIRWAY MUCUS | 692 | ||
| CELLULAR REGULATION OF MUCOCILIARY CLEARANCE AND SECRETION' | 694 | ||
| MUCIN PACKAGING AND DISCHARGE FROM AIRWAY SECRETORY CELLS | 696 | ||
| MUCOCILIARY CLEARANCE | 696 | ||
| CLINICAL IMPORTANCE AND CELLULAR CHARACTERISTICS OF MUCUS HYPERSECRETION IN ASTHMA | 696 | ||
| PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF MUCUS HYPERSECRETION IN ASTHMA | 699 | ||
| TREATMENT OF MUCUS HYPERSECRETION IN ASTHMA | 703 | ||
| SUMMARY | 706 | ||
| References | 706 | ||
| Chapter 40 - Aerosols and Aerosol Drug Delivery Systems | 711 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 711 | ||
| DEFINITION AND TYPES OF AEROSOLS | 712 | ||
| AEROSOLS FOR THERAPY | 712 | ||
| AEROSOL DEPOSITION MECHANISMS | 714 | ||
| NOMENCLATURE FOR INDICATORS\r\nOF DRUG DELIVERY DEVICE\r\nPERFORMANCE | 716 | ||
| AEROSOL DRUG DELIVERY DEVICES | 718 | ||
| INHALER SELECTION FOR THERAPY | 728 | ||
| SUMMARY | 729 | ||
| Chapter 41 - Anatomy and Physiology of the Nose and Control of Nasal Airflow | 733 | ||
| FUNCTIONS OF THE NOSE | 733 | ||
| EMBRYOLOGY AND ANATOMY OF THE NOSE | 734 | ||
| NASAL AIRFLOW | 738 | ||
| References | 743 | ||
| e9780323056595v2 | 745 | ||
| Front Cover | 745 | ||
| Middleton’s Allergy Seventh edition Principles & Practice | 748 | ||
| Copyright Page | 749 | ||
| Contents | 750 | ||
| Preface | 758 | ||
| Preface to the first edition | 760 | ||
| Contributors | 762 | ||
| Section D - CLINICAL SCIENCE | 777 | ||
| Chapter 42 - Epidemiology of Asthma and Allergic Diseases | 779 | ||
| THE OCCURRENCE OF ASTHMA | 779 | ||
| EPIDEMIOLOGY OF ASTHMA | 779 | ||
| RISK FACTORS FOR ASTHMA | 799 | ||
| NATURAL HISTORY OF ASTHMA | 814 | ||
| SUMMARY OF ASTHMA EPIDEMIOLOGY | 820 | ||
| ALLERGIC DISEASES | 820 | ||
| References | 824 | ||
| Chapter 43 - Factors Underlying the Increasing Incidence and Prevalence of Allergic Diseases | 833 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 833 | ||
| THE HYGIENE HYPOTHESIS | 834 | ||
| OTHER CHANGING EXPOSURES | 838 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 841 | ||
| References | 841 | ||
| Chapter 44 - Development and Prevention of Atopic Disease in Childhood | 843 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 843 | ||
| NATURAL HISTORY OF SENSITIZATION AND ATOPIC MANIFESTATIONS | 843 | ||
| DETERMINANTS OF DISEASE DEVELOPMENT IN CHILDHOOD | 844 | ||
| PRIMARY PREVENTION | 848 | ||
| PERSPECTIVES | 848 | ||
| References | 849 | ||
| Chapter 45 - Immune Complexes and Allergic Disease | 851 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 851 | ||
| IMMUNOCHEMICAL FACTORS IN IMMUNE COMPLEX BIOACTIVITY | 852 | ||
| CLEARANCE OF IMMUNE COMPLEXES | 852 | ||
| IMMUNE COMPLEX -INTERACTION WITH Fcγ-RECEPTOR-BEARING CELLS | 853 | ||
| IMMUNE COMPLEXES AND INDUCTION OF THE IMMUNE RESPONSE | 854 | ||
| ENDOTHELIAL CELLS, CELL ADHESION MOLECULES, AND CYTOKINES | 855 | ||
| ANIMAL MODELS OF ANTIBODY-MEDIATED AND IMMUNE COMPLEX-MEDIATED TISSUE DAMAGE | 855 | ||
| METHODS OF DETECTING CIRCULATING IMMUNE COMPLEXES | 857 | ||
| DISEASES MEDIATED BY CIRCULATING IMMUNE COMPLEXES | 858 | ||
| LABORATORY FINDINGS | 861 | ||
| TREATMENT | 862 | ||
| References | 862 | ||
| Chapter 46 - Primary Immunodeficiency Diseases | 865 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 865 | ||
| X-LINKED DEFECTS | 868 | ||
| DEFECTS OF INNATE IMMUNITY | 883 | ||
| AUTOSOMAL DEFECTS FOR WHICH THE MOLECULAR BASIS IS NOT KNOWN | 885 | ||
| INTRAUTERINE DIAGNOSIS AND CARRIER DETECTION OF PRIMARY IMMUNODEFICIENCY DISEASES | 890 | ||
| TREATMENT | 890 | ||
| References | 891 | ||
| Chapter 47 - Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Allergic Disease | 895 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 895 | ||
| PATHOPHYSIOLOGY AND IMMUNOLOGIC CHANGES | 895 | ||
| PATHOGENESIS | 897 | ||
| CLINICAL FEATURES OF HIV INFECTION | 900 | ||
| DISEASE PROGRESSION | 902 | ||
| CLINICAL HIV MANIFESTATIONS SUGGESTING ALLERGIC DISEASE | 903 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 906 | ||
| References | 907 | ||
| Chapter 48 - Clinical Significance of Immunoglobulin E | 909 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 909 | ||
| NORMAL IgE PRODUCTION | 910 | ||
| IgE IN ALLERGIC DISEASE | 911 | ||
| IgE IN INFECTIOUS AND PARASITIC DISEASE | 915 | ||
| IgE IN NON-ATOPIC DISEASES | 917 | ||
| ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURES AND IgE | 918 | ||
| References | 918 | ||
| Chapter 49 - Eosinophilia and Eosinophil-Related Disorders | 923 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 923 | ||
| ALLERGIC DISORDERS | 924 | ||
| INFECTIOUS DISEASES | 926 | ||
| HEMATOLOGIC AND NEOPLASTIC DISORDERS | 928 | ||
| DISEASES WITH SPECIFIC ORGAN INVOLVEMENT | 931 | ||
| IMMUNOLOGIC REACTIONS | 939 | ||
| ENDOCRINE | 939 | ||
| OTHER | 939 | ||
| References | 939 | ||
| Chapter 50 - Eosinophilic Gastroenteropathies | 943 | ||
| OVERVIEW OF EGID | 943 | ||
| EOSINOPHILIC ESOPHAGITIS | 948 | ||
| EOSINOPHILIC GASTRITIS AND GASTROENTERITIS | 950 | ||
| EOSINOPHILIC COLITIS | 951 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 952 | ||
| References | 953 | ||
| Chapter 51 - Asthma Pathogenesis | 957 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 957 | ||
| PREVALENCE | 957 | ||
| PATHOLOGY | 958 | ||
| ORIGINS OF ASTHMA: RISK FACTORS FOR DISEASE | 962 | ||
| PROVOCATEURS OF ASTHMA AND THEIR MECHANISMS OF ACTION | 965 | ||
| CELLULAR INFLAMMATION AND ITS REGULATION | 969 | ||
| AIRWAY HYPER-RESPONSIVENESS | 973 | ||
| AIRFLOW OBSTRUCTION | 974 | ||
| AIRWAY REMODELING | 975 | ||
| CONCLUSIONS | 979 | ||
| References | 979 | ||
| Chapter 52 - Pathology of Asthma Compared with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease | 985 | ||
| OVERVIEW OF ASTHMA AND COPD | 985 | ||
| REMODELING AND INFLAMMATION | 987 | ||
| SPUTUM AND BRONCHOALVEOLAR LAVAGE FLUID | 987 | ||
| AIRWAY PLUGGING | 988 | ||
| STRUCTURAL CHANGES (REMODELING) | 988 | ||
| INFLAMMATION IN ASTHMA | 994 | ||
| COMPARISON OF INFLAMMATION IN MILD ASTHMA AND COPD | 997 | ||
| SEVERE CHRONIC DISEASE | 998 | ||
| EXACERBATIONS | 998 | ||
| CHILDHOOD AND INFANT ‘ASTHMA’ | 999 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 999 | ||
| References | 1000 | ||
| Chapter 53 - Occupational Asthma | 1003 | ||
| AGENTS THAT CAUSE OCCUPATIONAL ASTHMA | 1004 | ||
| PHYSIOPATHOLOGY | 1004 | ||
| EXPOSURE AND HOST FACTORS | 1008 | ||
| NATURAL HISTORY | 1011 | ||
| CLINICAL ASPECTS | 1011 | ||
| MEDICOLEGAL ASPECTS, SOCIAL IMPACT, AND SURVEILLANCE | 1014 | ||
| PREVENTION | 1014 | ||
| OCCUPATIONAL ASTHMA AS A SATISFACTORY MODEL FOR ENVIRONMENTAL ASTHMA | 1015 | ||
| SPECIFIC AGENTS CAUSING OCCUPATIONAL ASTHMA | 1015 | ||
| CONCLUSIONS | 1017 | ||
| References | 1017 | ||
| Chapter 54 - Immunologic Non-Asthmatic Diseases of the Lung | 1021 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 1021 | ||
| WEGENER’S GRANULOMATOSIS | 1021 | ||
| MICROSCOPIC POLYANGIITIS | 1026 | ||
| CHURG-STRAUSS SYNDROME | 1027 | ||
| SARCOIDOSIS | 1028 | ||
| ALLERGIC BRONCHOPULMONARY ASPERGILLOSIS | 1031 | ||
| GOODPASTURE’S DISEASE | 1032 | ||
| References | 1033 | ||
| Chapter 55 - Allergic and Non-Allergic Rhinitis | 1037 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 1037 | ||
| NASAL ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY | 1038 | ||
| EPIDEMIOLOGY | 1039 | ||
| ALLERGIC RHINITIS | 1040 | ||
| NON-ALLERGIC RHINITIS | 1041 | ||
| PERSONAL BURDEN AND SOCIOECONOMIC IMPACT | 1043 | ||
| MECHANISM OF ALLERGIC RHINITIS | 1044 | ||
| DIAGNOSIS | 1046 | ||
| COMORBIDITY | 1048 | ||
| TREATMENT OF RHINITIS | 1048 | ||
| RHINITIS IN PREGNANCY | 1050 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 1051 | ||
| References | 1051 | ||
| Chapter 56 - Nasal Polyps and Rhinosinusitis | 1055 | ||
| GENERAL REMARKS | 1055 | ||
| NASAL POLYPS | 1055 | ||
| ACUTE AND CHRONIC RHINOSINUSITIS | 1062 | ||
| References | 1067 | ||
| Chapter 57 - Insect Allergy | 1069 | ||
| STINGING INSECT ALLERGY | 1069 | ||
| BITING INSECT ALLERGY | 1079 | ||
| INHALANT INSECT ALLERGY | 1079 | ||
| References | 1079 | ||
| Chapter 58 - Natural Rubber Latex Allergy | 1083 | ||
| BACKGROUND | 1083 | ||
| LATEX ALLERGENS | 1084 | ||
| EPIDEMIOLOGY | 1085 | ||
| CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS | 1086 | ||
| DIAGNOSIS | 1086 | ||
| MANAGEMENT | 1086 | ||
| LONG-TERM FOLLOW-UP STUDIES | 1088 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 1089 | ||
| References | 1089 | ||
| Chapter 59 - Anaphylaxis | 1091 | ||
| TERMINOLOGY | 1091 | ||
| INCIDENCE AND CAUSATIVE AGENTS | 1091 | ||
| PATHOLOGY | 1095 | ||
| PATHOPHYSIOLOGY | 1096 | ||
| BASOPHIL AND MAST CELL DEGRANULATION SYNDROMES | 1097 | ||
| MECHANISMS INVOLVED IN THE PRODUCTION OF ANAPHYLACTIC SHOCK | 1099 | ||
| SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS | 1100 | ||
| DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS | 1102 | ||
| THE LABORATORY IN THE DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS | 1104 | ||
| PREVENTION AND MANAGEMENT | 1105 | ||
| FATALITIES | 1110 | ||
| References | 1111 | ||
| Chapter 60 - Mastocytosis | 1115 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 1115 | ||
| ETIOLOGY AND PATHOGENESIS | 1115 | ||
| CLINICAL FEATURES | 1117 | ||
| DIAGNOSIS AND EVALUATION | 1122 | ||
| TREATMENT | 1124 | ||
| PROGNOSIS | 1125 | ||
| References | 1125 | ||
| Chapter 61 - Urticaria and Angioedema | 1127 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 1127 | ||
| MEDIATOR PATHWAYS | 1127 | ||
| GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS OF ETIOLOGY, PATHOGENESIS, AND TREATMENT | 1129 | ||
| PHYSICAL URTICARIA AND ANGIOEDEMA | 1131 | ||
| HEREDITARY FORMS OF URTICARIA AND ANGIOEDEMA | 1137 | ||
| CHRONIC IDIOPATHIC URTICARIA AND IDIOPATHIC ANGIOEDEMA | 1139 | ||
| References | 1143 | ||
| Chapter 62 - Atopic Dermatitis | 1147 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 1147 | ||
| CLINICAL ASPECTS | 1147 | ||
| ROLE OF THE EPIDERMAL BARRIER | 1151 | ||
| ROLE OF ALLERGENS | 1151 | ||
| IMMUNOLOGY | 1152 | ||
| MANAGEMENT | 1156 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 1163 | ||
| References | 1163 | ||
| Chapter 63 - Contact Dermatitis | 1169 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 1169 | ||
| EPIDERMAL CELLS | 1172 | ||
| LYMPHOCYTES | 1175 | ||
| CONCLUSIONS | 1177 | ||
| References | 1178 | ||
| Chapter 64 - Allergic and Immunologic Diseases of the Eye | 1181 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 1181 | ||
| ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF THE EYE | 1181 | ||
| ALLERGIC DISEASES OF THE EYE | 1183 | ||
| CONJUNCTIVAL PROVOCATION TESTING | 1190 | ||
| GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF TREATMENT FOR ALLERGIC EYE DISEASE | 1190 | ||
| CONTACT DERMATITIS | 1194 | ||
| IMMUNOLOGIC DISEASES OF THE EYE | 1195 | ||
| SUMMARY | 1199 | ||
| References | 1199 | ||
| Chpter 65 - Adverse Reactions to Foods | 1203 | ||
| BACKGROUND AND DEFINITIONS | 1203 | ||
| PREVALENCE OF FOOD HYPERSENSITIVITY | 1204 | ||
| ANTIGEN HANDLING BY THE GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT | 1205 | ||
| FOOD ALLERGENS | 1207 | ||
| PATHOPHYSIOLOGIC MECHANISMS | 1211 | ||
| CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS OF FOOD HYPERSENSITIVITY | 1212 | ||
| DIAGNOSING ADVERSE FOOD REACTIONS | 1221 | ||
| THERAPY OF FOOD ALLERGIC DISORDERS | 1223 | ||
| NATURAL HISTORY OF FOOD HYPERSENSITIVITY | 1226 | ||
| PROPHYLAXIS OF FOOD HYPERSENSITIVITY | 1227 | ||
| SUMMARY | 1227 | ||
| References | 1227 | ||
| Chapter 66 - Adverse Reactions to Food and Drug Additives | 1233 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 1233 | ||
| LABELING OF FOOD AND DRUG ADDITIVES | 1233 | ||
| CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC APPROACHES TO ADVERSE REACTIONS TO FOOD AND DRUG ADDITIVES | 1234 | ||
| FOOD AND DRUG ADDITIVES KNOWN OR SUSPECTED TO CAUSE ADVERSE REACTIONS n | 1239 | ||
| References | 1249 | ||
| Chapter 67 - Adverse Reactions to Vaccines for Infectious Diseases | 1253 | ||
| PUTTING ADVERSE REACTIONS TO VACCINES IN PERSPECTIVE n | 1253 | ||
| CHANGES IN US VACCINE RECOMMENDATIONS RELATED TO ADVERSE REACTIONS n | 1255 | ||
| IgE-MEDIATED REACTIONS TO VACCINES n | 1255 | ||
| NON-IgE-MEDIATED REACTIONS TO VACCINES n | 1260 | ||
| ADVERSE REACTIONS TO VACCINES FOR BIOLOGICAL AGENTS USED AS WEAPONS n | 1262 | ||
| CONTROVERSIES REGARDING LONG-TERM CONSEQUENCES OF VACCINATION n | 1263 | ||
| VACCINATION RELATIVE TO IMMUNOCOMPROMISE AND IMMUNOGLOBULIN PREPARATIONS n | 1264 | ||
| SUMMARY | 1264 | ||
| References | 1265 | ||
| Chapter 68 - Drug Allergy | 1269 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 1269 | ||
| EPIDEMIOLOGY AND BURDEN OF DRUG HYPERSENSITIVITY | 1270 | ||
| HOW DRUGS ARE RECOGNIZED BY THE IMMUNE SYSTEM | 1270 | ||
| FACTORS INFLUENCING DRUG IMMUNOGENICITY | 1274 | ||
| SPECIFICITY OF DRUG-INDUCED IMMUNE RESPONSES | 1275 | ||
| IMMUNOPATHOLOGIC FEATURES OF DRUG ALLERGY | 1276 | ||
| RISK FACTORS FOR DRUG HYPERSENSITIVITY | 1277 | ||
| NON-ALLERGIC DRUG HYPERSENSITIVITY (PSEUDOALLERGIC) REACTIONS | 1279 | ||
| DIAGNOSIS OF DRUG ALLERGY | 1280 | ||
| MANAGEMENT OF DRUG ALLERGY | 1284 | ||
| SUMMARY | 1287 | ||
| References | 1287 | ||
| Chapter 69 - Hypersensitivity to Aspirin and Non-Steroidal Antiinflammatory Drugs | 1291 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 1291 | ||
| HISTORICAL NOTE | 1291 | ||
| CLASSIFICATION | 1292 | ||
| ASPIRIN-INDUCED ASTHMA | 1292 | ||
| ASTHMA IMPROVED BY ASPIRIN | 1301 | ||
| ASPIRIN-SENSITIVE URTICARIA/ANGIOEDEMA | 1301 | ||
| ALLERGIC REACTIONS TO NSAIDs | 1303 | ||
| References | 1304 | ||
| Section E - DIAGNOSIS AND APPROACH TO THE PATIENT | 1309 | ||
| Chapter 70 - Laboratory tests for allergic and Immunodeficiency diseases: principles and interpretations | 1311 | ||
| TERMINOLOGY | 1312 | ||
| HUMORAL IMMUNE RESPONSES OF IMPORTANCE TO ALLERGIC AND IMMUNODEFICIENCY DISEASE | 1312 | ||
| ALLERGENS | 1314 | ||
| IMMUNOCHEMICAL METHODS FOR MEASUREMENT Of IGE PROTEIN | 1319 | ||
| IMMUNOCHEMICAL METHODS FOR MEASUREMENT OF IgE ANTIBODIES OF DEFINED ALLERGEN SPECIFICITY | 1319 | ||
| QUALITY ASSURANCE | 1322 | ||
| SERUM TRYPTASE | 1324 | ||
| OTHER ANALYTES OF INTEREST IN ALLERGIC DISORDERS AND ASTHMA | 1324 | ||
| ASSESSMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL ALLERGENS | 1325 | ||
| LABORATORY METHODS IN CELLULAR IMMUNOLOGY | 1326 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 1328 | ||
| References | 1328 | ||
| Chapter 71 - In Vivo Methods for the Study of Allergy | 1331 | ||
| PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF THE SKIN RESPONSE | 1331 | ||
| TECHNIQUES OF SKIN TESTING | 1332 | ||
| FACTORS AFFECTING SKIN TESTS | 1336 | ||
| INTERPRETATION OF SKIN TESTS | 1339 | ||
| SKIN TESTS USED FOR NON-DIAGNOSTIC PURPOSES | 1341 | ||
| CONCLUSIONS | 1342 | ||
| References | 1342 | ||
| Chapter 72 - Nasal Provocation Testing | 1345 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 1345 | ||
| NASAL ALLERGEN PROVOCATION | 1345 | ||
| METHODS OF NASAL PROVOCATION | 1347 | ||
| NASAL PROVOCATION WITH PHYSICAL, CHEMICAL, AND BIOCHEMICAL STIMULI | 1350 | ||
| OUTCOMES OF NASAL PROVOCATION | 1351 | ||
| References | 1356 | ||
| Chapter 73 - Bronchial Challenge Testing | 1359 | ||
| AIRWAY HYPERRESPONSIVENESS AND ITS MEASUREMENT | 1359 | ||
| HISTAMINE AND METHACHOLINE CHALLENGES | 1360 | ||
| INDIRECT AIRWAY HYPERRESPONSIVENESS | 1362 | ||
| NON-SELECTIVE CHALLENGES: CLINICAL UTILITY | 1363 | ||
| ALLERGEN CHALLENGE | 1365 | ||
| OCCUPATIONAL CHALLENGES | 1369 | ||
| SUMMARY | 1369 | ||
| References | 1370 | ||
| Chapter 74 - Oral Food Challenge Testing | 1373 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 1373 | ||
| INDICATIONS FOR ORAL CHALLENGE TESTING | 1373 | ||
| METHODOLOGY | 1374 | ||
| RISK AND TREATMENT OF ORAL FOOD CHALLENGES | 1378 | ||
| References | 1380 | ||
| Chapter 75 - Approach to Infants and Children with Asthma | 1383 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 1383 | ||
| EPIDEMIOLOGY | 1383 | ||
| PATHOPHYSIOLOGY | 1387 | ||
| GENETICS | 1387 | ||
| DIAGNOSIS AND EVALUATION | 1388 | ||
| COEXISTING ISSUES IN PEDIATRIC ASTHMA | 1392 | ||
| MANAGEMENT OF ASTHMA | 1393 | ||
| MANAGING EXACERBATIONS | 1398 | ||
| PREVENTION | 1403 | ||
| PROGNOSIS | 1403 | ||
| References | 1404 | ||
| Chapter 76 - Approach to Adults with Asthma | 1409 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 1410 | ||
| DEFINITION | 1410 | ||
| PREVALENCE OF ASTHMA, AND ASSOCIATED MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY | 1410 | ||
| NATURAL HISTORY OF THE DISEASE | 1410 | ||
| FACTORS PREDISPOSING TO ASTHMA: ENVIRONMENT, GENETICS, AND OTHERS | 1410 | ||
| PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF ASTHMA: TARGETS FOR THERAPY | 1411 | ||
| DIAGNOSIS | 1412 | ||
| MANAGEMENT OF ASTHMA | 1413 | ||
| EVALUATION OF ASTHMA | 1413 | ||
| ASSESSMENT OF CONTROL | 1414 | ||
| ASTHMA SEVERITY | 1415 | ||
| ASSESSMENT OF ALLERGIC STATUS | 1416 | ||
| TRIGGERS AND INDUCERS | 1416 | ||
| ASTHMA TREATMENT PLAN | 1417 | ||
| ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL AND AVOIDANCE OF TRIGGERS n | 1419 | ||
| PHARMACOTHERAPY | 1420 | ||
| RESCUE MEDICATION | 1420 | ||
| CONTROLLERS | 1420 | ||
| OTHER MEDICATIONS | 1423 | ||
| IMMUNOTHERAPY | 1423 | ||
| ASTHMA MANAGEMENT PLAN | 1423 | ||
| COMORBIDITES | 1424 | ||
| OTHER MEASURES | 1424 | ||
| ASTHMA AND DIABETES | 1426 | ||
| ASTHMA AND SURGERY/ANESTHESIA | 1426 | ||
| THE TRAVELING ASTHMATIC PATIENT | 1426 | ||
| FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS | 1427 | ||
| References | 1427 | ||
| Chapter 77 - Emergency Treatment and Approach to the Patient with Acute Asthma | 1431 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 1431 | ||
| EVALUATION | 1432 | ||
| TREATMENT | 1432 | ||
| OTHER ISSUES | 1443 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 1446 | ||
| References | 1446 | ||
| Chapter 78 - Approach to the Patient with Exercise-Induced Airway Narrowing* | 1449 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 1449 | ||
| PATHOGENESIS | 1450 | ||
| CLINICAL PHYSIOLOGIC FEATURES | 1453 | ||
| REFRACTORY PERIOD | 1454 | ||
| LATE REACTIONS | 1454 | ||
| EXERCISE-INDUCED ASTHMA AND BRONCHIAL REACTIVITY | 1454 | ||
| DIAGNOSIS | 1454 | ||
| THERAPY | 1455 | ||
| References | 1456 | ||
| Chapter 79 - Approach to the Patient with Chronic Cough | 1459 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 1459 | ||
| PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF COUGH | 1459 | ||
| DIAGNOSTIC CONSIDERATIONS | 1459 | ||
| THERAPEUTIC CONSIDERATIONS | 1466 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 1467 | ||
| References | 1467 | ||
| Chapter 80 - Approach to the Patient with Recurrent Infections | 1469 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 1469 | ||
| THE MEDICAL HISTORY IN IMMUNODEFICIENCY | 1470 | ||
| PHYSICAL EXAMINATION | 1478 | ||
| SCREENING LABORATORY TESTS FOR THE EVALUATION OF PATIENTS wITH RECURRENT INFECTIONS | 1482 | ||
| EVALUATION FOR B-CELL IMMUNODEFICIENCY | 1483 | ||
| SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS | 1484 | ||
| References | 1484 | ||
| Chapter 81 - Asthma and Allergic Diseases during Pregnancy | 1487 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 1487 | ||
| MATERNAL RESPIRATORY PHYSIOLOGIC CHANGES | 1487 | ||
| DETERMINANTS OF FETAL OXYGENATION | 1488 | ||
| MATERNAL IMMUNE FUNCTION | 1488 | ||
| GENERAL THERAPEUTIC PRINCIPLES | 1490 | ||
| COURSE AND MANAGEMENT OF SPECIFIC DISEASES | 1497 | ||
| References | 1507 | ||
| Section F - THERAPEUTICS | 1509 | ||
| Chapter 82 - Allergen Control in the Prevention and Management of Allergic Disease | 1511 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 1511 | ||
| ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL MEASURES | 1512 | ||
| ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL THE MANAGEMENT OF ALLERGIC DISEASE | 1514 | ||
| ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL IN THE PREVENTION OF ALLERGIC DISEASE | 1517 | ||
| CONCLUSIONS | 1519 | ||
| References | 1519 | ||
| Chapter 83 - Principles of Pharmacotherapeutics | 1523 | ||
| GOALS OF THERAPY | 1523 | ||
| BASIC PRINCIPLES OF CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY | 1524 | ||
| PHARMACODYNAMICS | 1524 | ||
| PHARMACEUTICS | 1526 | ||
| PHARMACOKINETIC PRINCIPLES | 1527 | ||
| PHARMACODYNAMIC VARIABILITY | 1531 | ||
| DRUG INTERACTIONS | 1533 | ||
| CONCLUSIONS | 1534 | ||
| References | 1534 | ||
| Chapter 84 - Adherence | 1537 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 1537 | ||
| DEFINITIONS OF ADHERENCE | 1537 | ||
| EXTENT OF NON-ADHERENCE WITH ASTHMA THERAPIES | 1538 | ||
| BARRIERS TO ADHERENCE | 1538 | ||
| MEASURING ADHERENCE | 1542 | ||
| INTERVENTIONS TO IMPROVE ADHERENCE | 1543 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 1545 | ||
| References | 1545 | ||
| Chapter 85 - Beta-Adrenergic Agonists | 1549 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 1549 | ||
| CATECHOLAMINE STRUCTURE-FUNCTION RELATIONSHIP | 1550 | ||
| SPECIFIC β2-ADRENERGIC \nBRONCHODILATORS | 1550 | ||
| ROUTES OF ADMINISTRATION | 1553 | ||
| PATIENT AND DEVICE VARIABLES IN INHALATION THERAPY | 1554 | ||
| NON-BRONCHODILATOR ACTIONS \nOF β2-ADRENERGIC AGONISTS | 1556 | ||
| ADVERSE EFFECTS | 1557 | ||
| β2-RECEPTOR DESENSITIZATION | 1559 | ||
| LOSS OF BRONCHOPROTECTION | 1559 | ||
| INCREASED BRONCHIAL RESPONSIVENESS | 1559 | ||
| TOXICITIES OF β2-AGONIST ENANTIOMERS | 1559 | ||
| CONCERNS OVER REGULAR \nβ-ADRENERGIC AGONIST USE | 1560 | ||
| ASTHMA DEATHS | 1561 | ||
| CLINICAL ROLE IN ASTHMA THERAPY | 1561 | ||
| LONG-TERM CONTROL MEDICATIONS | 1562 | ||
| COMPARISON WITH THEOPHYLLINE | 1562 | ||
| COMPARISON WITH LEUKOTRIENE MODIFIERS | 1562 | ||
| CONCLUSIONS | 1563 | ||
| FUTURE PARADIGMS IN ASTHMA MANAGEMENT | 1563 | ||
| References | 1563 | ||
| Chapter 86 - Theophylline and Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors | 1569 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 1569 | ||
| CHEMISTRY | 1569 | ||
| MOLECULAR MECHANISMS OF ACTION | 1570 | ||
| CELLULAR EFFECTS | 1572 | ||
| PHARMACOKINETICS | 1574 | ||
| ROUTES OF ADMINISTRATION | 1575 | ||
| CLINICAL USE | 1575 | ||
| SIDE EFFECTS | 1576 | ||
| FUTURE OF THEOPHYLLINE | 1576 | ||
| PHOSPHODIESTERASE INHIBITORS | 1576 | ||
| References | 1578 | ||
| Chapter 87 - Histamine and H1-Antihistamines | 1581 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 1581 | ||
| HISTAMINE AND HISTAMINE RECEPTORS: MOLECULAR BASIS OF ACTION | 1582 | ||
| H1-ANTIHISTAMINES | 1588 | ||
| SUMMARY AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS | 1607 | ||
| References | 1608 | ||
| Chapter 88 - Pharmacology of Glucocorticoids in Allergic Disease | 1613 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 1613 | ||
| PHARMACOLOGY | 1613 | ||
| TOXICITY, METABOLIC EFFECTS, AND STRESS | 1617 | ||
| MOLECULAR BIOLOGY | 1618 | ||
| GLUCOCORTICOID RESISTANCE | 1621 | ||
| ARACHIDONIC ACID METABOLISM | 1621 | ||
| ADRENERGIC SYSTEM | 1622 | ||
| CELLULAR AND MOLECULAR MECHANISMS | 1622 | ||
| ANTIGEN CHALLENGE | 1630 | ||
| CONCLUSIONS | 1630 | ||
| References | 1631 | ||
| Chapter 89 - Glucocorticoids: Clinical Pharmacology | 1639 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 1639 | ||
| MANAGEMENT PRINCIPLES: EFFICACY | 1639 | ||
| MANAGEMENT PRINCIPLES: ADVERSE EFFECTS | 1647 | ||
| References | 1652 | ||
| Chapter 90 - The Chromones: Cromolyn Sodium and Nedocromil Sodium | 1655 | ||
| CHEMISTRY | 1655 | ||
| PHARMACOKINETICS | 1656 | ||
| EXPERIMENTAL PHARMACOLOGY | 1657 | ||
| HUMAN TRIALS | 1659 | ||
| ANTIINFLAMMATORY EFFECTS | 1659 | ||
| MECHANISM OF ACTION | 1660 | ||
| CLINICAL TRIALS | 1660 | ||
| SAFETY AND TOXICITY | 1663 | ||
| References | 1663 | ||
| Chapter 91 - Cholinergic Mechanisms and Anticholinergic Therapy in Respiratory Diseases | 1667 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 1667 | ||
| PARASYMPATHETIC PHYSIOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY IN THE LUNGS | 1668 | ||
| PARASYMPATHETIC NERVES SUPPLYING AIRWAYS | 1669 | ||
| DYSFUNCTION OF MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS ON CHOLINERGIC NERVES | 1670 | ||
| PHARMACOLOGY OF ANTICHOLINERGIC DRUGS | 1671 | ||
| RATIONALE FOR USE OF ANTICHOLINERGIC DRUGS IN TREATMENT OF AIRWAY DISEASE | 1672 | ||
| THERAPEUTIC USE OF ANTICHOLINERGIC MEDICATIONS | 1676 | ||
| CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE | 1677 | ||
| RHINITIS | 1678 | ||
| CONCLUSIONS | 1678 | ||
| References | 1678 | ||
| Chapter 92 - Antileukotriene Therapy in Asthma | 1683 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 1683 | ||
| THE LEUKOTRIENE PATHWAY | 1684 | ||
| BIOLOGIC PROPERTIES OF LEUKOTRIENES | 1685 | ||
| INHIBITION/ANTAGONISM OF LEUKOTRIENES IN RELATION TO HUMAN ASTHMATIC INFLAMMATION | 1686 | ||
| EFFICACY IN CHRONIC ASTHMA | 1688 | ||
| SAFETY | 1692 | ||
| POSITIONING OF ANTILEUKOTRIENE THERAPY IN ASTHMA GUIDELINES | 1693 | ||
| References | 1693 | ||
| Chapter 93 - Pharmacogenomics of Asthma Therapies | 1697 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 1697 | ||
| PHARMACOGENOMICS: DEFINITION AND BACKGROUND | 1697 | ||
| GENETIC VARIATIONS ASSOCIATED WITH CLINICAL OUTCOMES | 1697 | ||
| PHARMACOGENOMIC MECHANISMS | 1698 | ||
| APPROACHES TO PHARMACOGENOMIC ANALYSIS | 1699 | ||
| VARIABILITY IN RESPONSE TO ASTHMA THERAPIES | 1699 | ||
| PHARMACOGENOMICS OF β -AGONISTS | 1700 | ||
| OTHER β2-AR PHARMACOGENOMIC ASSOCIATIONS | 1701 | ||
| PHARMACOGENOMICS OF LEUKOTRIENE MODIFIERS | 1702 | ||
| CORTICOSTEROID PHARMACOGENOMICS | 1703 | ||
| PHARMACOGENOMICS OF OTHER ASTHMA THERAPIES | 1704 | ||
| CAVEATS IN INTERPRETING PHARMACOGENETIC ASSOCIATIONS | 1704 | ||
| IMPLICATIONS AND APPLICABILITY OF PHARMACOGENOMIC FINDINGS | 1705 | ||
| References | 1705 | ||
| Chapter 94 - Immunomodulators | 1707 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 1707 | ||
| METHOTREXATE | 1707 | ||
| IMMUNOPHILIN-BINDING AGENTS AND CALCINEURIN INHIBITORS: CYCLOSPORIN, TACROLIMUS, AND PIMECROLIMUS | 1709 | ||
| INTRAVENOUS IMMUNOGLOBULIN | 1712 | ||
| DNA-BASED THERAPIES | 1713 | ||
| MYCOBACTERIAL VACCINES | 1717 | ||
| CYTOKINE-BASED THERAPY | 1718 | ||
| CONCLUSIONS | 1719 | ||
| References | 1719 | ||
| Chapter 95 - Immunotherapy for Inhalant Allergens | 1721 | ||
| HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT | 1721 | ||
| CLINICAL EFFICACY OF ALLERGEN IMMUNOTHERAPY | 1722 | ||
| IMMUNOLOGIC RESPONSE TO INHALANT IMMUNOTHERAPY (Box 95.1) | 1726 | ||
| PRACTICAL CONSIDERATIONS IN ALLERGEN IMMUNOTHERAPY | 1728 | ||
| ALTERNATIVE EXTRACTS AND METHODS OF ADMINISTRATION | 1733 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 1737 | ||
| References | 1738 | ||
| Chapter 96 - Anti-IgE Therapy | 1743 | ||
| BACKGROUND | 1743 | ||
| MECHANISM OF ACTION | 1744 | ||
| OMALIZUMAB DISEASE-SPECIFIC EFFECTS | 1746 | ||
| DOSING | 1750 | ||
| SAFETY | 1750 | ||
| Conclusions | 1751 | ||
| References | 1751 | ||
| Chapter 97 - Unconventional Theories and Unproven Methods in Allergy | 1755 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 1755 | ||
| UNPROVEN DIAGNOSTIC TESTS | 1756 | ||
| INAPPROPRIATE DIAGNOSTIC TESTS | 1759 | ||
| UNPROVEN TREATMENT METHODS | 1761 | ||
| INAPPROPRIATE THERAPY | 1763 | ||
| UNCONVENTIONAL THEORIES OF ALLERGIC DISEASE | 1764 | ||
| REMOTE PRACTICE OF ALLERGY | 1769 | ||
| CURRENT VS HISTORICAL PRACTICES | 1769 | ||
| PERSPECTIVE | 1770 | ||
| References | 1770 | ||
| Appendix A: CD molecules | 1775 | ||
| Appendix B: Internet Resources for Allergy and Immunology Professionals | 1803 | ||
| Appendix C: National Asthma Education and Prevention Program (NAEPP) and Global Initiative for Asthma (GINA) Guidelines | 1807 | ||
| Index | 1831 |